1. The Grid Prof Steve Lloyd Queen Mary, University of London

2. The Physics Challenge Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 2 10 orders of magnitude All interactions The Higgs Standard Model: Jets, W, Z Relative number of events

3. Event Complexity Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 3 25 Separate Interactions 8 Jet Event

4. Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 4 The Data Deluge Collisions 40 Million times a second (40MHz) 150 Million electronic channels Petabytes of data per year 1 Petabyte = 1000 Terabytes 1 Terabyte = 1000 Gigabytes 1 Gigabyte = 1000 Megabytes Total ATLAS Disk Used 100 PB 20082012

5. Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 5 E = mc 2 Grid Middleware Solution is a massive distributed computer system – The Grid From Web to Grid Relatively inexpensive Scalable Simple (?) to use Accessible 24/7 Easily upgraded Robust

6. Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 6 Analogy with the Electricity Power Grid 'Standard Interface' Power Stations Distribution Infrastructure Electricity Grid

7. Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 7 Computing and Data Centres Fibre Optics of the Internet Computing Grid

8. Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 8 The Grid – A Distributed PC MIDDLEWARE CPU Disks, CPU etc PROGRAMS OPERATING SYSTEM Word/Excel Email/Web Your Program Games CPU Cluster User Interface Machine CPU Cluster CPU Cluster Workload Management Information Service Single PC Grid Disk Server Your Program Middleware is the Operating System of a distributed computing system Replica Catalogue Bookkeeping Service

9. Steve Lloyd The Grid Brunel Tier-0 Tier-1 National centres Tier-2 Regional groups Institutes Servers Offline farm Online system CERN computer centre RAL,UK ScotGridNorthGridSouthGridLondon FranceItalyGermanyUSA Imperial QMUL RHUL Useful model for Particle Physics but not necessary for others UCL Slide 9 Tier Structure

10. Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 10 Tier-1 v Tier-2 Tier-1s – International role Tier-2s – Leverage University funding, Local publicity RAL Tier-1: 7,400 PC Equivalents, 2.3PB Disk, 5PB Tape QMUL Tier-2: 3,500 PC Equivalents, 1.7PB Disk

11. Steve Lloyd The Grid Problems that are highly parallelizable Problem Grid Solution Input data is independent e.g. Images: A=2 B=3 A=3 B=3 A=2 B=4 Simulation using different parameters: Not so good for closely coupled problems These pieces may be independent These pieces will have to interact What is a Grid good for? Slide 11

12. Steve Lloyd The Grid Astronomy Healthcare Bioinformatics Gaming Engineering Commerce Other Applications Slide 12

13. Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 13 Other Applications Allow use by other scientific disciplines such as Bioinformatics

14. CERN@school Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 14 Take data from Medipix Detector Chips and make available via the Grid (Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys, Canterbury) Available for use in schools – cosmic rays, radioactivity etc LUCID flying on TechDemoSat-1 in Autumn 2012 Schools Coordinator School Local University Grid Schools Schools without Chips will be able to contribute to analysis

15. Steve Lloyd The Grid Slide 15 The Real Time Monitor Try it yourself (Java App): http://rtm.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/