1. Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b This material (Comp4_Unit4b) was developed by OHSU, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number [ IU24OC000015 ].

2. Computer Software Learning Objectives Define application vs. system software. (Lecture a) Give examples of application software focusing on healthcare systems. (Lecture a) Describe the functions of system software. (Lecture b) List different types of operating systems. (Lecture b) Explain the purpose and usage of file systems. (Lecture c) 2 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

3. System Software Consists of programs that control/maintain operations of computer Two types –Operating Systems –Utility Programs 3 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

4. Operating System (OS) A set of programs that coordinate all activities of hardware resources The layer between the hardware and application software Unique to each individual computer hardware system (Gottschall, 1998, PD-Germany) 4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

5. Example: Printing from Word Processor Start the word processor –User clickson the icon for the word processor; OS starts the program Open the document –User selects the document to open; word processor sends request to OS for the document –The OS finds it on the hard disk; sends it back to word processor –The word processor displays the document Print the document –User selects print; word processor tells OS to print document –The OS sends the document to printer –The printer prints it (Clker, 2011, PD-US) 5 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

6. Functions of an OS Interfacing with users Booting the computer Configuring devices Managing processes Managing resources Managing memory Managing files Providing security 6 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

7. Interfacing with Users Command line (SF007, 2009, GNU GPL) Examples –DOS –Unix ® –Linux (without windowing) Note: we will describe the different operating systems in detail later in the lecture. GUI (KDE, 2010, GNU-GPL) Examples –Microsoft® Windows® –Mac OS and Mac OS X –KDE ® (Linux windowing) 7 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

8. Booting the Computer First task when you turn on computer Starts the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) stored in ROM The BIOS starts the OS –The “kernel” is started and runs the entire time your computer is powered on –Other utility programs are started later as needed –Detects devices and ensures they are configured properly Other applications are launched –Determined by startup scripts 8 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

9. Configuring Devices Devices are components that are connected to the computer –Printer, scanner, etc. OS configures devices –Device drivers are small programs used by the OS to communicate with the device –The are unique to the OS (and version) and hardware –Need new device drivers when Device driver is corrupted or overwritten Upgrade computer Upgrade device Upgrade OS 9 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

10. Managing Processes Processes are programs that are running Most PCs have operating systems that are single user/multitasking –One user –Multiple programs/processes running at once The OS has to manage which process is active (foreground process) and which are not (background processes) 10 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

11. Managing Resources There are many resources in a computer –CPU –Memory –Devices –Disk storage –Network The operating system controls which process controls which resource It implements a scheduler for the processes so that each process gets a share of CPU time –Gives the illusion that multiple programs are running at the same time It controls how devices are shared among processes It provides access to memory, disk storage and the network 11 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

12. Processes View Every OS provides a way to view running processes and the resources they use –Microsoft Windows has Task Manager –Mac OS has Activity Monitor/Process Viewer –“top” command in Unix/Linux 12 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

13. Example Processes View (Annew, 2009, CC BY-SA 3.0) 13 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

14. Managing Memory The OS manages memory –How it is accessed/addressed –Retrieving/storing data from/into memory (clker, 2011, PD-US) Modern operating systems use virtual memory to give the illusion of more memory –Virtual memory larger than physical memory –OS maps virtual memory to physical memory –Uses hard disk space (“swap space”) for the part of virtual memory not currently loaded into physical memory (RAM) –“Swapping” is when instructions/data in “swap space” are loaded into RAM and some other instructions/data previously in RAM are saved in the “swap space” 14 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

15. Managing Files Files are all the documents on your computer –Organized into folders/directories The OS controls how these files are stored in secondary storage (hard disk drive) by using a file system The file system provides an interface to the user for viewing and manipulating files –View file lists and folders/directories –Provides functions like copy, rename, move, delete, etc. The file system provides access to files/folders for application software 15 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b ( clker, 2011, PD-US)

16. Providing Security The Operating System provides some security –All processes related to OS run in system mode –Users can be defined as having different levels of access to the computer –Can be configured to update automatically –Can include integrated firewall Still need standalone security applications –Anti-viral, anti-spyware, anti-malware 16 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b ( clker, 2011, PD-US)

17. Utility Programs Software that performs a system maintenance task –Backing up files, diagnosing system problems, searching for a file, compressing files, etc. –Can provide accessibility features Can be included in OS or added as a stand-alone program 17 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b ( clker, 2011, PD-US)

18. Types of OS For personal computers For servers For hand-held devices For embedded computers 18 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

19. OS for PCs DOS Microsoft Windows –Microsoft Windows 1.0 through 2000 –Microsoft Windows NT –Microsoft Windows XP –Microsoft Windows Vista –Microsoft Windows 7 Mac OS –Classic Mac OS – Mac OS 9 –Mac OS X 10.1 – 10.4 –Mac OS X 10.4.4 (Tiger Intel) –Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) –Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard) 19 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

20. Microsoft Windows XP (Used with permission from Microsoft, 2011). 20 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

21. Mac OS X 10.6 (Apple Inc, 2011, with permission under Fair Use of Wikipedia non-free content.) 21 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

22. Microsoft Windows vs. Mac OS X Strengths of MS Window: –Most applications available for MS Windows® –Large variety of hardware that run MS Windows –Great support for devices Weaknesses of MS Windows –Reliability –Security Strengths of Mac OS X: –Easy to use –Reliable –Secure Weaknesses of Mac OS X: –Limited software availability 22 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

23. OS for PCs and Servers Unix –Developed in 1969 –Used for mainframes –Many different variations available Linux –Open source version of Unix created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 23 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

24. Linux (KDE 4 Windowing Environment) (KDE, 2010, GNU-GPL) 24 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

25. UNIX (MarSoft, 2009, GNU-GPL) 25 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

26. OS for Servers Mac OS X Server Microsoft Windows Server –Versions 2000, 2003, 2008, 2008 R2 –Windows HPC Server 2008 Windows Small Business Server Windows Essential Small Business Server Windows Home Server Unix/Linux 26 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

27. OS for Handheld Devices Palm OS Microsoft Windows Mobile OS/Phone 7 iPhone iOS 4 Blackberry ® OS Android ™ OS (Android SDK, 2010, Apache license, 2.0) 27 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

28. OS for Embedded Systems Embedded systems need their own OS Some are proprietary and developed for that system alone Some are commercially available and customizable –“Windows XP for Embedded Systems” version of XP (known as XPe) is made up of components –An implementation of XPe installs only the components of the OS that are necessary Decreases the size of the OS Increases the OS’s security XPe was superseded by Windows Embedded Standard 2009, the current version XPe is not available for PCs as it is licensed to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) who develop the embedded systems 28 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

29. Embedded OS Example The SonoSite, Inc. hand-carried ultrasound device runs with Windows Embedded CE –Is handheld –Easy to use –Boots in less than 15 seconds –Provides instant images at an accident site or hospital setting –Allows for USB support –Microsoft Web site, SonoSite Inc. M-Turbo ® Portable Ultrasound: Embedded medical devices –Visit: http://www.sonosite.com/search/luceneapi_node/m- turbo to view an image of the SonoSite Inc. M-Turbo ® Portable Ultrasound: machine. http://www.sonosite.com/search/luceneapi_node/m- turbo 29 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

30. Computer Software Summary - Lecture b Operating Systems control the functions of computers They act as an intermediary between the hardware and the software They also provide a way for the user to interact with the computer There are many different versions and brands of OS 30 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

31. Computer Software References – Lecture b References Evans A, Martin K, Poatsey MA. (2010). Chapter 5: Using System Software: The Operating System, Utility Programs and File Management. In: Technology in Action: Complete. 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. KDE. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.kde.org.http://www.kde.org The Linux Foundation. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.linuxfoundation.org. http://www.linuxfoundation.org Microsoft Windows. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 9; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/home http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/home Morley Deborah, Parker Charles S. (2010). Chapter 6: System Software: Operating Systems and Utility Programs. In: Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow. 12 th ed. Boston: Course Technology. OS X. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.apple.com/macosx/http://www.apple.com/macosx/ Parsons JJ, Oja D. (2010). Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management. In: New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2011: Comprehensive. 13th ed. Boston: Course Technology. Shelley GB, Vermaat ME. (2010). Chapter 8: Operating Systems and Utility Programs. In: Discovering Computers 2011: Introductory. 1st ed. Boston: Course Technology. SonoSite M-Turbo Portable Ultrasound: Embedded medical Devices. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 7, cited 2011 Nov 11; Available from: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/en-us/about/casestudies/m-turbo.mspx. http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/en-us/about/casestudies/m-turbo.mspx The Unix System Homepage. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12[; Available from: http://www.unix.org. Windows Embedded Web site. [webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 9, cited 2011 Nov 11]; Available from: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/en-us/default.mspx. http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/en-us/default.mspx 31 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

32. Computer Software References – Lecture b Images Slide 4: Image of hands conducting an orchestra - stamp from Deutsche Post AG. [image on the Internet]. Gottschall, M. (c 1998). [Updated 3/25/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_Germany_1998_MiNr2025_S%C3%A4chsische_Staatskapelle_Dre sden.jpg. (PD-Germany). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_Germany_1998_MiNr2025_S%C3%A4chsische_Staatskapelle_Dre sden.jpg Slide 5: Printer Image [image on the Internet]. c 2007 [Updated 11/13/2007; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-3664.html. (PD-US). http://www.clker.com/clipart-3664.html Slide 7: Command Line Image [image on the Internet]. SF007, (c 2009). [Updated 1/19/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DOSBox_screenshot.png. (GNU-GPL).http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DOSBox_screenshot.png Slides 7 & 24: KDE 4 Desktop Image [image on the Internet]. c 2010 [Updated 9/4/2011; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/File:Plasma_Desktop_4.4.jpghttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/File:Plasma_Desktop_4.4.jpg Slide 13: KDE Process Viewer Image [image on the Internet]. KDE (c 2009). [Updated 1/10/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://userbase.kde.org/File:SystemActivity.png. (GNU-GPL).http://userbase.kde.org/File:SystemActivity.png Slide 14: Thinking Image [image on the Internet]. c 2008 [Updated 12/7/2008; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-14640.html. (PD-US). http://www.clker.com/clipart-14640.html Slide 15: File Folders Image [image on the Internet]. c 2008 [Updated 3/26/2008; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-green-yellow-blue-violet-folders.html. (PD-US).http://www.clker.com/clipart-green-yellow-blue-violet-folders.html Slide 16: Fire Wall Image [image on the Internet]. c 2007 [Updated 11/18/2007; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-10227.html. (PD-US). http://www.clker.com/clipart-10227.html Slide 17: System Tools Image [image on the Internet]. c 2010 [Updated 6/22/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-preferences-system.html. (PD-US).http://www.clker.com/clipart-preferences-system.html 32 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b

33. Computer Software References – Lecture b Images Slide 20: A screenshot of Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 3 installed. Image [image on the Internet]. Microsoft (c 2011). [Updated 5/9/2011; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_XP_SP3.png. Used with permission from Microsoft. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_XP_SP3.png Slide 21: A screenshot of the Snow Leopard desktop. (Snow Leopard) Image [image on the Internet]. Apple Inc (c 2009). [Updated 2/17/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_Leopard_Desktop.png. Used with permission under Fair Use of Wikipedia non-free content. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_Leopard_Desktop.png Slide 25: Unix Command Line Image [image on the Internet]. c 2006 [Updated 1/11/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bash_screenshot.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bash_screenshot.png Slide 27: Android OS Image [image on the Internet]. Android, SDK (c 2010). [Updated 5/20/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Android-2.2.png. http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Android-2.2.png http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 33 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b