1. Main Function: It releases hormones into the blood to signal other cells to behave in certain ways. It is a slow but widespread form of communication. developed by KZN advisors

2. NERVOUS COORDINATION CHEMICAL COORDINATION INVOLVES STIMULI INVOLVES HORMONES developed by KZN advisors

3. HORMONES ARE ORGANIC CHEMICAL MESSENGERS MADE IN SMALL AMOUNTS SECRETED BY DUCTLESS GLANDS CALLED ENDOCRINE GLANDS MADE IN ONE PART OF THE BODY BUT TAKE EFFECT IN ANOTHER PART TAKE EFFECT FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME PROTEIN IN NATURE developed by KZN advisors

5. Endocrine glands Release hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body. Consists of: developed by KZN advisors

6. ENDOCRINE GLANDS PITUITARY FSH, TSH,GH, LH, Prolactin THYROIDTHYROXIN PANCREAS ADRENALIN, ALDOSTERONE OVARIES OESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE TESTIS TESTOSTERONE ADRENAL INSULIN & GLUCAGON HYPOTHALAMUSADH developed by KZN advisors

7. The hormonal glands and their functions Pituitary gland secretes: 1. Growth hormone(GH) which stimulates growth in the body 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) which stimulate the thyroid to secrete thyroxin 3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) which stimulates the formation of follicles in the ovary. 4. Luteinising hormone (LH) bringing about ovulation, oestrogen production and corpus luteum development. 5. Prolactin which stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk. Hypothalamus Secretes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) which stimulate the re-absorption of water from the tubules back into the blood Thyroid gland Secretes thyroxin (Iodine is necessary in the production of thyroxin)  Thyroxin controls metabolic rate, particularly cellular respiration in mitochondria Pancreas secretes: 1. Insulin which decrease blood sugar levels 2. Glucagon which increase blood sugar levels Ovaries secrete: 1. Oestrogen  Stimulates the female sex organs  stimulate secondary sexual characteristics 2. Progesterone:  Prepare uterus to receive fertilised ovum.  Maintains the uterus during pregnancy Testes  Secretes testosterone which stimulate the male sex organs  stimulates secondary sexual characteristics Adrenal glands which secrete: 1. Adrenalin which prepares the body for a crisis by increasing the:  Heart rate  Breathing  Glucose levels in the blood  Tone of the skeletal muscles 2. Aldosterone which prepares the re- absorption of Na+ from the loop of Henlé. developed by KZN advisors

8. Pituitary gland Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) also known as the master gland situated in the small bony cavity on the floor of the skull, below the hypothalamus has two lobes viz., the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland developed by KZN advisors

9. Thyroid Gland Function: plays a major role in regulation the body’s metabolism. Disorders: If the Thyroid Gland produces to much Thyroxin, it can cause a condition known as Hyperthyroidism. If to little thyroxin produces it is called Hypothyroidism. developed by KZN advisors

10. NEGATAIVE FEEDBACK developed by KZN advisors

11. The pancreas and Diabetes Cause of diabetes: the pancreas makes little or no insulin developed by KZN advisors

12. DIABETES developed by KZN advisors

13. Islets of Langerhans Small patches of special cells found in the pancreas Secretes the hormones insulin and glucagons Insulin decreases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver and muscle cells to absorb more glucose from the blood promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen and fat by the liver deficiency of insulin results in diabetes mellitus Glucagon increases the blood glucose level by encouraging the conversion of glycogen to glucose (energy needed in emergency situations) developed by KZN advisors

15. Week circulation of blood to the legs and feet often causes limbs to be amputated. developed by KZN advisors

16. Diabetes affects the circulatory system of the retina. The arteries in the retina become weakened and leak, forming small forming small, dot-like haemorrhages. These leaking vessels often lead to swelling or edema in the retina and decreased vision. In a later stage circulation problems cause areas of the retina to become oxygen deprived and new, fragile vessels develop as the circulatory system attempts to maintain adequate oxygen levels. These vessels haemorrhage (weaken) easily and blood may leak into the retina causing decreased vision developed by KZN advisors

17. Prevention of diabetes 1. Eat healthy, balanced meals A should be followed to keep the glucose levels constant developed by KZN advisors

19. Prevention of diabetes: 2. Control the glucose levels. Normal glucose levels in the blood of a human should be between 3.5 – 5.5 mmol/l developed by KZN advisors

20. Prevention of diabetes: 3. Exercise regularly and keep the weight down (especially around the belly) developed by KZN advisors

21. Study the following poster and discuss things which a diabetic should do and things which they should avoid developed by KZN advisors

22. If diabetes is not managed well it may also cause kidney problems developed by KZN advisors

23. GROWTH DISORDERS UNER PROCTION OF GH IN CHILDHOOD RESULT IN DWARFISM developed by KZN advisors

27. OVER SECRETION OF GH IN CHILDHOOD RESULT IN GIANTISM developed by KZN advisors

29. OVER SECRETION IN ADULTHOOD – ACROMEGALY (The bones become thicker, this is normally caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland) developed by KZN advisors

30. Acromegaly – it causes enlarged feet and hands developed by KZN advisors

31. THYROID GLAND developed by KZN advisors

32. Thyroid Gland consists of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea, just below the larynx secretes the hormone thyroxin Functions of Thyroxin maintains general metabolism at an optimum rate essential for normal growth and functioning of the heart and nervous system Iodine is essential for the production of thyroxin. A deficiency of iodine in the diet causes swelling of the thyroid gland (condition is called goitre) developed by KZN advisors

33. THYROID GLAND SECRETES THYROXIN CONTROLLED BY TSH FUNCTIONS Controls 1.metabolic rate of cells 2.how fast the heart beats & the force with which it beats 3.Growth of cells & body tissue( eg bone % teeth 4. sexual development nerve reactivity 5Mental development Which is rich in Iodine developed by KZN advisors

34. THYROID DISORDERS Thyroxin regulates the body’s metabolic rate. Iodine is necessary in the production of thyroxin. A lack of iodine in the diet leads to an enlarged thyroid gland. This is known as goitre. developed by KZN advisors

35. Goitre – caused by lack of iodine developed by KZN advisors

36. Hypothyroidism (under-secretion of thyroxin) Accumulation of body fluids in adults – hormone replacement tablets are prescribed developed by KZN advisors

37. HYPERTHYROIDISM developed by KZN advisors

39. Adrenal Gland situated on top of each kidney secrets the hormone adrenalin which prepares the body to cope with emergency, danger and stress in the following ways: constricts blood vessels of the skin but dilates blood vessels to heart, muscles and brain (important organs during an emergency) increases the heartbeat promotes conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver to be released into the blood increase the rate and depth of breathing increases skeletal muscle tone the metabolic activity of the body cells increases to release more energy. developed by KZN advisors

40. Cross section through the adrenal gland developed by KZN advisors

41. Adrenal Gland Functions: -The adrenal glands release Adrenaline in the body that helps prepare for and deal with stress. -Also regulates kidney function. developed by KZN advisors

42. Ovaries Functions: Pair of reproductive organs found in women that produce eggs. Also secrete estrogen and progesterone, which control ovulation and menstruation. developed by KZN advisors

43. Testes Functions: Pair of reproductive glands that produces sperm. Also secrete Testosterone to give the body its masculine characteristics. developed by KZN advisors

44. INFERTILITY Causes of infertility No FSH secreted, no eggs will be released and the female will be infertile Low sperm count in males, sexually transmitted diseases Symptoms Inability to have children Prevention Reduce behaviour that may increase chances of contracting STD’s Treatment of infertility Gynaecologist treats these women by giving them fertility drugs that contain FSH and LH to stimulate their ovaries to produce ova. These drugs may cause many ova to be released resulting in multiple births. developed by KZN advisors