1. The partner effect in non- native speech Speech Accommodation Group Jiwon Hwang May 9, 2007

2. Introduction Ambiguous Utterances and Disambiguation e.g., ‘Put the dog food in the bowl on the floor’ (Kraljic & Brennan, 2005) Phonetic Ambiguity in Non-Native Speech

3. Partner Effect Korean speakers Would they try to disambiguate their phonetic forms only with English partner? English partner Korean partner

4. Materials English words (some nonsense) containing [  ] and [b] in coda position. (e.g.,‘sack’, ‘sob’) English phonology: /p/ and /b/, /E/ and /ae/ Korean phonology: only /p/ and /E/ They are likely to be neutralized to [p] and [E] in Korean accented English.  phonetic ambiguities (e.g, ‘nib’ as ‘nip’)

5. Method A card arrangement task with both English and Korean partner (confederate-matcher, subject-director) 8 rounds in total per partner Last four rounds in priming condition BaselinePriming Condition

6. Acoustic Measures /b/ targets:

7. Acoustic Measures /ae/ targets:

8. Partners’ production /b/ priming words /ae/ priming words

9. Prediction Disambiguation only for English partner : longer vowel duration, closure voicing for /b/ targets with English partner : longer vowel duration, higher F1 and lower F2 for /ae/ targets with English partner

10. Results for /b/ targets Vowel duration was the only cue that varied systematically (statistically significant). Significant: Partner, Partner*Priming

11. /b/ targets * Partner effect

12. /b/ targets * * No partner effect Partner effect

13. /b/ targets Korean speakers didn’t have the partner effect when they played the game with the English partner first. Korean speakers had the priming effect only with the English partner regardless of the order of the partner.

14. Results for /ae/ targets Outliers (tokens outside SD=2) in formant measures were excluded. Only vowel duration was significant.

15. /ae/ targets * Partner effect

16. /ae/ targets * Partner effect No partner effect **

17. /ae/ targets Korean speakers didn’t have the partner effect when they played the game with the English partner first. Korean speakers had the priming effect with the English partner regardless of the order of the partner, and they had the priming effect with the Korean partner when she was the second partner – but the direction is the opposite.

18. What does it mean? Korean-English They come in with the Korean phonology. They keep their phonology for the Korean partner. They realize that they need to disambiguate the ambiguous targets for the English partner. ----------------------------------------- English-Korean They come in with the Korean phonology. They realize that they need to disambiguate the ambiguous targets for the English partner. They don’t need to go back to the Korean phonology for the Korean partner because either way is fine.

19. What does it mean? They adjust to the partner only when it is necessary. They adjust to the partner through priming.