1. Chapter 4 Computer Software McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Learning Objectives
Describe several important trends occurring in computer software.
Give examples of several major types of application and system software.
Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.

3. Learning Objectives
Define and describe the functions of an operating system.
Describe the main uses of computer programming software, tools, and languages.
Describe the issues associated with open-source software.

4. Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Open-source Software
Application Software
General Purpose
Perform common information processing
Productivity packages
Custom Software
In-house development and maintenance
Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)
Third party vendor
Open-source Software
Application code available and free
General Purpose
Perform common information processing
Word processing, spreadsheets
Productivity packages
Custom Software
Developed and used within an organization
Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)
Third party vendor develops and maintains
Many copies sold
Minimal changes
Purchasers have
No control
No property rights
Open-source Software
Allow anyone to contribute
Application code available and free

5. RWC 1: Software as a Service (SaaS)
General Electric
Enormous supply chain
Global Supplier Library – rudimentary capability
Aravo’s Supplier Information Management (Sim)
500,000 suppliers
6 languages
H. B. Fuller
Payroll system
Wanted standard global platform
Selected SaaS
General Purpose
Programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users
E.g., word processing, spreadsheet
Also call productivity packages
Custom Software
Software applications developed within an organization for use by that organization

6. Types of Application & System Software
Function-Specific Applications
Thousands of these packages
Customer relationship management
Enterprise resource planning
Supply chain management
Web-enabled electronic commerce

7. Components of Top Software Suites
Most widely used productivity packages are bundled together as software suites
Advantages
Cost less than individual packages
Similar GUI
Work well together
Disadvantages
All features not used
Takes a lot of disk space (bloatware)

8. Combine functions of several programs Advantages
Integrated Packages
Combine functions of several programs
Examples: Microsoft Works, AppleWorks
Advantages
Lower price
Less disk space
Pre-installed on microcomputers
Disadvantages
Limited functionality

9. Web Browsers Support navigation Universal platform
Internet and World-Wide Web
Intranets
Extranets
Universal platform
Information searches
Multimedia file transfer
Discussion groups
Other Internet-based applications

10. Indispensable for finding information Popular engines
Search Engines
Indispensable for finding information
Popular engines
Google, Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos, Overture, Yahoo!
Universal client
On all computers of an enterprise
Browsers are used to gain access to Internet search engines
Google, Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos, Overture, Yahoo!
Using search engines to find information has become an indispensable part of Internet, intranet, and extranet applications

11. E-mail, Instant Messaging, and Weblogs
Instant messaging (IM)
Weblog or blog
Personal website in dated log format
Updated with new information
Owner
Gleaned from other sites
Moderated discussion

12. Word Processing/Desktop Publishing
Popular Word Processors
Create, edit, revise, and print documents
Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro, Corel WordPerfect, OpenOffice Writer
Desktop Publishing
Produce printed materials that look professionally published
Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher, QuarkXPress

13. Electronic Spreadsheets
Used by most businesses
Analysis, planning, modeling
Microsoft Excel, Open Office Calc, Corel QuattroPro
Electronic Spreadsheet
Worksheet of rows and columns
Local computer or on network
Formulas and functions
Charts and graphs
What-if questions

14. Presentation Graphics
Emphasize key points
Convert numeric data into graphics displays
Create multimedia presentations
Microsoft PowerPoint, OpenOffice Impress, Lotus Freelance, Corel Presentations
Use predesigned templates
Tailor files for HTML format in Web sites
Multimedia presentations can include graphics, photos, animation, and video clips

15. Personal Information Managers
End user productivity and collaboration
Used in PDAs
Information about clients
Schedules, appointments, tasks
Access the Web and
Team collaboration
Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook
Software for end user productivity and collaboration
Stores information about clients
Manages schedules, appointments, tasks
Most include ability to access the Web and provide capabilities
Some support team collaboration by sharing information with other PIM users
E.g., Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook

16. Collaborate on group assignments
Groupware
Collaborate on group assignments
, discussion groups, databases, video conferencing
Lotus Notes
Novell GroupWise
Microsoft Exchange
Some allow teams to create websites
Windows SharePoint Services, WebSphere

17. Software Alternatives
Outsourcing
Domestic
Offshore
Application service providers (ASPs)
Companies that own, operate, and maintain application software and computer system resources
Use the application for a fee over the Internet
Pay-as-you-go
Use expected to accelerate
Outsourcing = contract programmers

18. Software Alternatives
Cloud computing – services over the internet
Natural step from grid computing (Chapter 3)
Applications
Virtualized hardware resources
Vendors of cloud services
SAP Business ByDesign, Salesforce.com, Google Apps, MidlandHR’s “iTrent as a Service”
Advantages
Low barrier to entry
Cost Savings
More powerful software
Cloud computing is a style of computing in which software and, in some cases, virtualized hardware resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure “in the cloud” that supports them.

19. All COTS and ASP software is licensed
Software Licensing
All COTS and ASP software is licensed
Intellectual property rights
Copyright
Trademark
Trade secrets
Traditional contract law
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
You buy license, not software
Protect the vendor’s property rights
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC or the Code), first published in 1952, is one of a number of uniform acts that have been promulgated in conjunction with efforts to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in all 50 states within the United States of America.
The goal of harmonizing state law is important because of the prevalence of commercial transactions that extend beyond one state

20. Software Licensing Can do Can’t do Sell software Dispose of rights
Duplicate
Resell multiple copies
Reverse engineer
Modifying
Disclosing
Transferring software
Reverse engineering = analyzing the operation of a program to recreate the source code

21. Categories of Group Software
System Management Programs
Manage the resources of a computer system
Examples:
Operating systems
Network management programs
Database management systems
System utilities
System Development Programs
Helps develop IS programs and procedures and then prepare them for processing
Language translators and editors
CASE and programming tools
System Management Programs
Hardware
Software
Network
Data resources
Examples:
Operating systems
Network management programs
Database management systems
System utilities
System Development Programs
Helps users develop IS programs and procedures and then prepare them for processing
Language translators and editors
CASE and programming tools

22. RWC 2: Open-Source Applications
Open-source software
Source code available for use, study, modification, enhancement and redistribution.
Advantages
Peer review eliminates defects
Speeds changes
Reduction in maintenance and ownership costs
Rapid prototyping and experimentation
Reduces reliance on proprietary vendors
Departure from traditional approach
Business processes not controlled by software logic

23. Integrated system of programs that…
Operating Systems
Integrated system of programs that…
Provides interface between user and computer
Manages the operations of the CPU
Controls the input/output, storage resources, and activities of the computer system
Provides support for application programs
Loaded first before other tasks

24. Interface Between End Users and Computer
p. 147 Communicates with operating system
Three main types…
Command-driven
Menu-driven
Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
Most common – Microsoft Windows Desktop
The trend in user interfaces for operating systems and other software is moving away from the entry of brief end-user commands, or even the selection of choices from menus of options. Instead, most software provides an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) that uses icons, bars, buttons, boxes, and other images. These GUIs rely on pointing devices like the electronic mouse or touch pad to make selections that help you get things done.

25. Operating System Basic Functions
Resource Management
Manages hardware and networking resources of a computer system
CPU, memory, secondary storage devices, telecommunications, and input/output peripherals
Common functions
Tracks location of data and programs
Provides virtual memory capability
Memory management programs keep track of where data and programs are stored. They may also subdivide memory into a number of sections and swap parts of programs and data between memory and magnetic disks or other secondary storage devices. This process can provide a computer system with a virtual memory capability that is significantly larger than the real memory capacity of its primary storage circuits. So, a computer with a virtual memory capability can process large programs and greater amounts of data than the capacity of its memory chips would normally allow.
File Management
Part of the operating system that accesses files and programs
Tracks location on storage devices
Maintains directories of stored files
Location
Characteristics
Task Management
Manages end user computing tasks
Controls access to the CPU
Substitutes higher priority tasks
Coordinates
Multi-tasking
Multi-processing
Virtual machine
Background mode
Multitasking assigns only one task at a time to the CPU, but it switches from one program to another so quickly that it gives the appearance of executing all of the programs at the same time. There are two basic types of multitasking: preemptive and cooperative . In preemptive multitasking, the task management functions parcel out CPU time slices to each program. In contrast, cooperative multitasking allows each program to control the CPU for as long as it needs it. If a program is not using the CPU, however, it can allow another program to use it temporarily. Most Windows and UNIX-based operating systems use the preemptive approach, whereas most Macintosh-style platforms use cooperative multitasking.
In multiprocessing, more than one CPU is being accessed, but in multitasking, only one CPU is in operation.

26. Popular Operating Systems
Windows
GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia
Microsoft’s operating system
NT, XP, 2003, Vista, Windows 7
Different versions manage servers
Windows Server 2008
Based on Vista
Release 2 to correct performance and security issues
Microsoft’s primary stated objective with Vista, however, was to improve the state of security in the Windows operating system. One of the most common criticisms of Windows XP and its predecessors has been their commonly exploited security vulnerabilities and overall susceptibility to malware, viruses, and buffer overflows. In light of these complaints, then-Microsoft chairman Bill Gates announced in early 2002 a companywide “Trustworthy Computing Initiative” to incorporate security work into every aspect of software development at the company. Microsoft claimed that it prioritized improving the security of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 rather than finishing Windows Vista, significantly delaying its completion.
In 2009, Microsoft released their newest operating system, Windows 7. Unlike its predecessor, Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused and incremental upgrade with the goal of being fully compatible with applications and hardware with which Vista was already compatible. Windows 7 has been very well received and is rapidly replacing the installed base of Vista without receiving any of the complaints and struggles encountered by Vista adopters and users.

27. Popular Operating Systems
Unix
AT&T
Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing
Portable across computer sizes
Linux
Low-cost, powerful, reliable
Similar to Unix-like
Open-source
Flexible
Multiple machines

28. Open-Source Licensing Characteristics
The Program
Must allow distribution of
Source code
Compiled form
The License
Shall not restrict selling or giving away
Must allow modifications
Must allow distribution
May restrict modified source code
Must not discriminate
Must not restrict other software distributed along with the licensed software
The Program
Must include source code and allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form
The License
Shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several sources
Must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software

29. Open-Source programs OpenOffice.org 2 Sun Microsystems
Integrated office suite
File formats compatible with other major suites

30. Popular Operating Systems
MAC OS X
Apple operating system for the iMac
Based on UNIX
GUI
Multitasking
Multimedia

31. Application virtualization
Allows software to run on a different operating system.
Advantages
One machine acts like multiple machines
Reduces the number of computers needed
Energy savings
Use software from multiple vendors
Application virtualization software rapidly blurring the boundaries between machines and operating systems and operating systems and applications. Add this to the cloud computing concept and we have the makings of an anytime, anywhere, any machine, any application world.

32. Other System Software Utilities Performance Monitors Security Monitors
Miscellaneous housekeeping functions
Example: Norton Utilities includes data backup, virus protection, data compression, etc.
Performance Monitors
Keep computer running efficiently
Security Monitors
Prevent unauthorized use of resources
Middleware
Interface between an operating system and the application programs of users
Middleware
Software that helps diverse software applications exchange data and work together more efficiently

33. Programming Languages
Machine Languages - First generation languages
The most basic of programming languages
Strings of binary codes unique to each computer
Requires specific knowledge of the internal operations of the CPU being used
Must specify the storage locations for every instruction and item of data used
Difficult to work with, and error prone
Assembler Languages - Second generation languages
Developed to reduce difficulties in writing machine language programs
Uses assemblers to convert the programs into machine instructions
Symbols are used to represent operation codes and storage locations
Alphabetic abbreviations call mnemonics and other symbols represent operation codes, storage locations, and data elements
High-Level Languages - Third generation languages
Uses brief statements or arithmetic expressions
Statements translated into machine language by compilers or interpreters
Less efficient than assembler languages and requires greater translation time
Machine independent
Examples: BASIC, COBOL, and FORTRAN
Fourth Generation Languages
Programming is nonprocedural and conversational
Simplified the programming process
Programmers to specify the results
Computer determines the instructions
Natural languages
Very close to English or other human language
Sometimes called fifth-generation (5GLs)
No longer a trade-off between ease of use and flexibility

34. Object-Oriented Languages
Combines data elements and the procedures that will be performed upon them into objects
Data about a bank account and the procedures performed
Interest calculations
Most widely used software development tools
Easier and more efficient for graphics-oriented user interfaces
Reusable: can use an object from one application in another application
Examples: Visual Basic, C++, Java
GUI supports visual programming
Drag Windows, bars, boxes, buttons, and icons onto the screen

35. JEE6 – Java Enterprise Edition 6 Microsoft .NET
Web Languages
HTML
Hypertext documents for the Web
XML
Identifying tags or contextual labels
Digital publishing
Cheaper, faster
Java
Object-oriented
Simple, secure, and platform independent
Java applets on any computer
JEE6 – Java Enterprise Edition 6
Microsoft .NET
Web services are software components that are
Based on framework of Web and object-oriented standards and technology
Used to link the applications of different users and computing platforms via the Web
Microsoft .NET is a relatively new collection of programming support for what are known as Web services, the ability to use the Web rather than your own computer for various services.
Microsoft's .NET platform is expected to allow the entire range of computing devices to work together to update and synchronize user information and access to products and services from a starting point.

36. How Web Services Work Web Services
Linking key business functions on different platforms to enable real-time exchanges of information between customers, suppliers and other business partners
Microsoft .NET – use the web instead of your own computer
UDDI – “yellow pages” directory of Web services and how to use them.
SOAP – connects applications to data
SOAP – Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is used to link applications running on different computer platforms.

37. Language Translator Programs
Convert human instructions into computer instructions.
Assembler
Translates assembler language statement
Compiler
Translates high-level language statements
Interpreter
Translates and executes one statement at a time

38. Help identify and minimize errors
Programming Tools
Help identify and minimize errors
Graphical programming interfaces
Programming editors
Debuggers
CASE Tools
Help in the software development process.
Combine many programming tools into a single application with a common interface
Used in different stages of the systems development process

39. RWC 3: Failure and Success
Wolf Peak International
Small eyewear manufacturer
Outgrew QuickBooks
New accounting system failed
Couldn’t extract financial or operational data
SAP Business One succeeded

40. RWC 4: Sharing Data through XML
XML - open standard for sharing data across organizations.
Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway Search Engine
Internet-based
Securely combs through crime databases
1,000 Ohio police departments
XML is becoming increasingly popular as an open standard for sharing data across organizations.
A power consortium that distributes electricity is implementing an XML-based settlements system that drives costs out of power distribution.
In Ohio, almost 1,000 police departments have found critical new crime-fighting tools by gaining access to the digital records kept by neighboring law enforcement agencies.
The Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway Search Engine is an Internet-based tool that can securely comb through numerous crime databases using a single log-in and query, making it easier to use than separate crime databases.