1. Phonology How do words sound?

2. Sounds: distinct or continuous? “ta-ta-ta” (time/frequency) “nineteenth century” (time/frequency/intensity) [source: Wikipedia]

3. Some key terms phonemes: Sounds that are distinct enough to distinguish different words e.g., “p” in pear vs “b” in bear allophones: Sounds within a phoneme that aren’t different enough to distinguish different words e.g., the “p” in pace vs. the “p” in space (one has a puff of air, the other doesn’t) voiced consonant: produced if the vocal cords vibrate (“b”) unvoiced consonant: produced if the vocal cords do not vibrate (“p”)

4. Problems of English spelling inadequacy, complexity same pronunciation, different spellings: meet, meat, mete same spelling, different pronunciations: wind/wind, invalid different phonemes, same spelling: thin/then same letter standing for several different sounds (or no sound at all): s in sun, pays, treasure, tension, aisle letter c redundant: only ever stands for sounds that can be made by another letter or letter combination: call (k), cell (s), cello (ch), social (sh), indict (silent) silent letters (climb, yacht, sign, exhaust, autumn, receipt, castle, answer) sound with no letter (one, music)

5. Human speech organs (not on test)

6. Consonant phonemes in English (not on test, but helpful for later reference)

7. International phonetic alphabetic (IPA) Consonants ppill bbill ttill ddill kkill ggill čchill ǰJill ffill vveal θthigh ðthen sseal zzeal šfish žmeasure hheel x (Scots loch, Hebrew Pesach) mmice nnice ŋsing llore rroar wwore jyour

8. Vowel phonemes of English æfadɑfatherɔcod ɛfedɘsolid (2 nd ocode efadevowel)ʊcould ɪfitʌcuducoo ifeed

9. Diphthongs combinations of two vowel sounds phonemic (contrast with non-dipthong version): ɑɪlied ɑʊloud ɔɪloin allophonic (don’t contrast with non-diphthong version): oʊlow eɪlane ɪəleer ɛəlair ʊəlure

10. Fun stuff The McGurk illusion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=fvwp &v=eQoYKuNcCpU http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=fvwp &v=eQoYKuNcCpU fuller explanation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen& NR=1&v=T4fUi0eG1X4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen& NR=1&v=T4fUi0eG1X4 HAL9000’s voice played 200 times slower, with spectrogram: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTi_HwdlJ20 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTi_HwdlJ20 this man is just playing with his spectrogram: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faBFiEfPxUU