1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING itc-314 LECTURE 01

2. Course Grading Total Marks: 100 (Theory) 60 Marks = Final paper 20 Marks = Midterm Tests 10 Marks = Assignments 05 Marks = Presentations 05 Marks = Class Performance Practical: Total Marks: 100  80 Marks: Final Practical  10 Marks: Lab Tasks  10 Marks: Lab Performance

3. Overview:- The term” Computer Programming” refers to create a set of instructions that enable computer to do something. Computer Programming is very important course in the field of Information Technology as the topics covered in it will be encountered by you again and again in the future courses. The study of computer science teaches us how to use computers, how to organize the data and also how to create programs that can be used by computer to solve problems.

4. Goals The aim of this course is to understand what is computer programming, why we learn programming, what are the programming languages, what are categories and generations of languages, what steps are needed to create a programs by using different computer languages etc. In this course we will also discuss about various programming languages that can be used to create programs. In this course we will mainly emphasize on C programming language.

5. Introduction to Computers Computer A computer is an electronic device which converts raw data by processing into meaningful information. The word “computer” comes from the word “Compute” which means to calculate. Hence, a computer is normally considered to be a calculating device, which that perform arithmetic operation and logical operations at enormous speed.

6. DATA Data are simply values or set of values. The English word Data is a plural of word Datum, which means fact. Therefore, we can say that Data means facts. Data is a group of characters (digits, alphabets, or other characters) which represents a specified value or condition. OR Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can manipulate and process into information that is useful to people. Some examples of data items: 3, 5, 99, 50 A1, F16, AB-10, Islamabad, Karachi, Asad

7. Information The organization of data in a meaningful form is called Information. OR Meaningful or processed data is called Information. Example: 2 + 3 = 5 Data Information

8. Basic Components of Computer A computer system can perform variety of tasks according to specific instructions. These tasks are perform by computer by using its components. A digital computer system is totally based on its components that are attached or installed in it. There are two main components of a computer system. 1) Hardware 2) Software

9. Hardware The physical components of computer system is called Hardware. Hardware is also known as Tangible part of the computer. OR A computer’s hardware consists of electronic devices. The parts you can see and touch. The term ‘device’ refers to any piece of hardware used by computer, such as keyboard, monitor, modem etc. A computer’s hardware devices are categorized as follows: i. CPU or Processor ii. Secondary Storage or Backing Storage iii. Input Devices iv. Output Devices

10. CPU or Processor The Processor is also called CPU. CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. CPU is also called brain or heart of computer. It manages all the devices and performs the actual processing of data, means all processing, manipulating, mathematical, logical operations and temporary storage are done by CPU. It has the following three parts: ◦ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) ◦ Control Unit (CU) ◦ Memory Unit ALU: ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations. CU: Control Unit is responsible for coordinating all the operations of the entire computer system. It also arranges to get programs instructions from memory, interprets them and has the desired action performed.

11. Memory Memory is a storage area where all the programs and required data are stored. Two Types. ◦ Main Memory / Primary Memory ◦ Secondary Memory / Backing Storage  Main Memory: used to hold programs and data, that the processor is actively working with. Main Memory is not used for long-term storage. Main Memory consists of RAM and ROM. RAM: Ram is used for storing temporary data during the working of computer. RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is a volatile memory means it hold data only while the computer is on. Once the computer is off, all the data in RAM will be erased. ROM: Rom stores permanent data or instructions that are provided by manufacture at the time of purchase. This contains mostly instructions for starting the computer. ROM stands for Read Only Memory means it cannot be erased and we cannot store or write over it.

12. Secondary Memory used to hold programs and data for long term use. Examples of secondary memory are cd-rom, floppy disks, USB flash drives etc. considered as non-volatile storage. Comparison between main memory and secondary memory

13. I/o devices: The Input / output devices are necessary for human beings to interacts with computers. Input Devices : The input devices are used to feed data and programs into computer. Input devices accept data and instructions from the user or from another computer system. Data and instructions must enter the computer system before any computation can be performed on the data. This task is performed by the input unit. The following functions are performed by an input unit. i. It accepts data from outside world through an input device. ii. Convert these data into computer usable form. iii. Supplies the converted data to computer for processing. Some examples of input devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Light Pen, voice synthesizer etc.

14. I/o devices Cont…. Output Devices: Output devices return processed data back to the user or to another computer system. The job of an output unit is just reverse of an input unit. Following functions are performed by an output unit. i. It accepts the result produced by computer (CPU). ii. It converts these coded result to human acceptable(readable) form. iii. It supplies the converted results to the user through an output device. Some examples of output devices are Monitor and Printer.

15. HARDWARE COMPONENTS INPUTOUTPUT MEMORY CU ALU

16. Software Software (also called programs) consists of organized set of instructions for controlling the computer. Software is also called intangible part of a computer. OR Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions is often called a program. The two most common types of programs or software are system software and application software.

17. System Software System software are consists of programs that controls the overall operations of system. System software are used to help the computer to perform specific functions System software are needed to keep all the hardware and software systems running together smoothly. One major type of system software is the operating system (OS). The OS tells the computer how to interact with the user and its own devices. Examples: Operating Systems like Linux, Windows, Unix, Solaris, MacOS.

18. Application Software Software that are create to perform a specific function is called Application software. Application Software are used by people to get their work done. Application software tells the computer how to accomplish tasks the user requires, such as creating a document or editing a graphic image. Some important kinds of application software are: Word Processor, Game programs, Spreadsheets programs, Database programs etc.

19. Basic operations of computer : All computer systems perform the following five basic operations, for converting raw data into the information, which are: Inputting: The process of entering data and instructions into the computer system. Storing: Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial or additional processing as when required. Processing: Performing arithmetic operations or logical operations on data to convert them into a useful information. Outputting: The process of producing useful information or result for the user, such as visual display or printed report. Controlling: Directing the manner and sequence in which all the above operations are performed.