1. If political geography is about gaining power, what are ways that people exude power? How is power shown?

2. Questions to consider…
Which countries are the most powerful?
Which is more important… economic or military power?

3. Origins of Geopolitics
19th century Europe
A branch of political geography that considers
- Economic
- Political
- Military aspects of space
End of the Age of Exploration
Need to develop systems of explanations to promote different imperial ambitions
Resources and strategy

4. Types of Empires
Land: conquest by force through another land (e.g. Spanish in Mexico)
Sea: use sea power to control an area (e.g. Portuguese in Brazil)
Settlement: settlers intend to stay for a long time (e.g. British in Americas)

5. Land Empire – Spanish in Mexico

6. Sea Empire – Portuguese in Brazil

7. Settlement– British 13 colonies

8. Organic Theory Friedrich Ratzel (1897)
State was like a living entity that constantly needed to grow to thrive
States constantly need new territory to meet the demand of their ever-growing populations
“lebensraum”: living space
Justifies colonialism

11. Where should countries expand
Where should countries expand? Having control of what land will provide you the best resources and the best strategic position?

12. Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
Drawn from Ratzel’s geographic view of state as organism

13. Heartland Theory Sir Halford Mackinder (1904)
Major powers would be those that controlled land
Largest landmasses would be most powerful
World was divided into two parts: the World Island (Eurasia and Africa) and the Periphery (everything else)
Whatever country controlled the Heartland (in Eastern Europe) could ultimately control the World Island (Asia, Europe and Africa) and then ultimately the entire world

15. Heartland Theory
Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world

17. Why Eastern Europe?
At the time the vast resources of Eastern Europe were considered incredibly important (coal, farmland, and lots of flat land for expansion, urbanization)
Protected from invasions by sea
Countries of the periphery were spread out and isolated from one another – easier to conquer, one at a time

18. Largest petroleum and natural gas fields Coal, iron ore, natural gas
Minerals
Largest market
Coal and iron ore
Largest petroleum and natural gas fields
Coal, iron ore, natural gas
FIGURE 11-4

19. According to the theory, once a country controls the Heartland, it will seek to control the “Inner Crescent” - Africa and Asia (the rest of the World Island).
It will do this by first gaining control of the warm water ports of western Europe, which will give it control over sea lanes and the coasts of Asia and Africa.

20. Heartland Theory
Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world

21. Eventually the Americas and Oceania would collapse and succumb to the overwhelming power of the country controlling the World Island
And, so, control of Eastern Europe was considered crucial

22. Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

23. Validity
The theory has relevance with respect to the two World Wars, during the Cold War, and the Vietnam War.

24. Arguments against:
It did not take into consideration future rise of the USA as a major international power - militarily and economically.
It did not foresee the rise of aircraft as a major military weapon.
It did not foresee nuclear deterrence, nor intercontinental ballistic missiles.

25. Arguments in support:
The USSR did try to expand out from the Heartland - it dominated the countries of Eastern Europe militarily and economically after WWII.
NATO was the military alliance that was created to stop this expansion.
Warsaw Pact was the military alliance of the Soviet bloc.

26. Military Alliances

27. 1979: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

28. Domino Theory

29. Some disagree that heartland is key to power
Some disagree that heartland is key to power. They argue that it is trapped by its own geography – ice to the north, desert to the south, and mountains to the east. Many start to think control over coastal areas is key to power.

31. Rimland Theory Nicholas Spykman (1944)
Coastal fringes (rimland) are the key to being powerful
Densest populations
Most resources
Combination of land and sea power
“Godfather of containment”
Who controls the Rimland controls Eurasia, who controls Eurasia controls the world
Heartland is trapped by its own geography – ice to north, Ural Mts to east, Middle East and deserts to south

35. World Systems Theory Immanuel Wallerstein (1970s)
2 varieties of world systems
World empires
World economy
3 geography areas
Core
Periphery
Semi-periphery

36. Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory:
The world economy has one market and a global division of labor.
Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy.
The world economy has a three-tier structure.
Construction of the World Economy
Capitalism – people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit.
Commodification – the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good.
Colonialism – brought the world into the world economy, setting up an interdependent global economy.

37. Three Tier Structure Core Periphery Semi-periphery
Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology
* Generate more wealth in the world economy
Periphery
Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology
* Generate less wealth in the world economy
Semi-periphery
Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery.
* Serves as a buffer between core and periphery

38. Key Terms
Core: Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, more technology, and generate more wealth (e.g. more developed countries or MDCs)
Periphery: Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, less technology, and generate less wealth (e.g. less developed countries or LDCs)

41. More Theories…
Alfred Thayer Mahan (1890): believed in sea power (strong navy) – emphasis on trade
A.P. de Seversky (1942): strong advocate of air power (strategy and technology)

42. World Systems Today Saul Cohen
2 main geostrategic regions of world with powerful first order states:
Maritime Realm (Japan, U.S., and European community)
Continental Realm (China and Soviet Union, now Russia)
Middle East is shatter belt where Maritime and Continental meet (caught in the middle of world powers)

44. Irredentism
The attempt by one country to provoke coups or separatist movements in another country
Can be through literature, radio programs, TV ads
U.S. did this in radio transmissions to other countries to communicate benefits of capitalism and democracy
Sent from Florida to Cuba
Sent to Eastern Europe during Iron Curtain Era
The hope is that an uprising will overthrow a leader that is unfriendly to U.S.

46. More Key Terms Delimitation: marking of a boundary
Demarcation: process of physically representing a boundary on landscape (e.g. border crossings, fences, walls)