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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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Presentation on theme: "THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION"— Presentation transcript:

1 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2 Before the Industrial Revolution
Rural (agriculture-based) economy Cottage system of production Inefficient Agriculture (example: common pastures, three field (open field) system)

3 Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION (1) Acceptance of new crops (potatoes and maize across Europe) (2) Crop rotation (the four field system: wheat, turnips, oats/barley, clover) (3) The Enclosure Movement (improved soil and livestock; displaced poor peasants – formally-The Enclosure Act of 1801) (4) Technological innovations and agricultural propaganda (1793 – Arthur Young and the Board of Agriculture) “Prosperity under Farmer King George III” 

4 The Agricultural Revolution (cont.)
The Enclosure Movement

5 Agricultural Innovations:
Robert Bakewell – Jethro Tull’s Stock (selective) Breeding Seed Drill Year Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs) 1710 28 370 1795 80 800

6 Causes of the Industrial Revolution – POPULATION GROWTH
Why? (1)Better resistance to diseases (2) New crops (3) More reliable food supply (4) Young population (in early 19th century, 40% in England - under age of 15)

7 Causes of Agricultural Revolution Technological Changes in the 18th century
Spirit of innovation (scientific agriculture and less resistance to technology from urban guilds Josiah Wedgewood – division of labor and pottery – from 1700s Matthew Boulton’s Factory with Steam Engine

8 Technological Innovations: Steam Engine
Thomas Newcomen (1705) – first modern steam engine James Watt (1763) – improvement on the original engine (partnership with Boulton and application in factories and Fulton’s steamship Claremont (1807))

9 Technological Innovations in Textile (Cotton) Industry
First industry to go through mechanization/ industrialization Series of inventions reduced labor costs - John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle” (1733) - Richard Arkwright’s “Water Frame” (1771) - James Hargreaves’ “Spinning Jenny” (1778) - Samuel Crompton’s “Mule” (1779) The Spinning Jenny Machine’s installed in mills close to water sources. Women had to leave homes to work in mills (factories)

10 Innovations in other Industries:
The Iron Industry (from Abraham Darby’s bridge (1779) to the Crystal Palace (1851)) Transportation - Railroads (Stephenson’s Rocket – 1820’s and 1830s) - Steamboats and ships (1838 Transatlantic Steamship race) Communication (Electric Telegraph -1830s)

11 Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?
Diverse economy - Export – oriented - Colonies = sources of raw materials / markets for finished goods - Unified internal market Natural resources and advantages of physical geography - Large deposits of coal and iron - Navigable rivers and coastline (canals!) - Island = natural protection against invasion/wars Strong navy and the largest merchant marine Government responsive to business - More “fluid” society - Constitutional protections of private property

12 Changes in Social Patterns:
Urbanization Improved connection between rural and urban areas (roads, canals, etc.) Increase in lower class women’s and child’s labor Formation of new social classes – urban working class (proletariat) and the new middle class “Cult of domesticity”

13 Laissez faire (Capitalism) Luddism Positivism Utilitarianism
Economic and Political “Isms” – Responses to the Industrial Revolution: Laissez faire (Capitalism) Luddism Positivism Utilitarianism Utopian socialism Scientific socialism ----- (communism)

14 Impact of Industrialization on Non-Western World
The revolution spread from England to the rest of Western Europe and, eventually, the United States Western powers projected their industrial dominance on non-Western societies through economic domination and military interference

15 Is the Industrial Revolution over?

16 Work Cited: Slide 1: Slide 2: vEOICRwA/TIgR3d8y3qI/AAAAAAAACs0/6fZo2foigu4/s1600/spinning+shop.jpg Slide 3: Slide 4: Slide 5: Slide 6: Slide 7: Slide 8: Slide 9: Slide 10: Slide 11: Slide 12: Slide 13: Slide 14:


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