1. Super-Smart Sentence Skills... (or… the rules of writing sentence properly!)

2. Simple 1, 2, 3! Sentences… The cat / sat / on the mat.

3. Compound sentences… The cat / sat / on the mat / and the dog sat on the chair. joined with “and”

4. Longer simple Sentences They smiled as if they meant it. The plant died because it wasn't watered. The container has a hole in it the bottom.

5. Longer compound sentences The girls walked out of the shop and laughed loudly as they headed for the car. An elderly man was admitted to hospital after suffering a heart attack and falling down his stairs.

6. Adding extra detail to a sentence Embedded clauses, e.g., subordinate clauses Adjectival clauses provide extra detail about the noun. Sentence 1. -The rodents were introduced by settlers. Sentence 2. -These rodents killed the native birds. noun - The rodents detail- introduced by settlers killed the native birds. The rodents, introduced by settlers, have killed the native birds. This is a subordinate clause. It must be enclosed in the sentence by commas. It MUST be embedded immediately after the main noun / subject of the complex sentence.

7. Another “detailed” sentence... 1. Native trees can block people’s views. 2. Native trees can get in the way of property development. 3. Trees like these are sometimes poisoned. Noun - Native trees extra information - block people’s views - get in the way of property development - are sometimes poisoned. “Native trees, that block people’s views and limit property development, are sometimes poisoned.” This is a subordinate clause. It enclosed by commas... And embedded immediately after the main noun / subject sentence.

8. Modality Modal verbs convey a range of judgments about the likelihood of events. There are nine modal verbs: "can", "could", "may", "might", "will", "would", "shall", "should", and "must". She might be there. You could get there by lunchtime if you hurry. You'll hit the roof. That must have hurt.

9. More modality... High modalityMedium modality Low modality must has to ought to should can need to will may might could would Modal nouns: "possibility", "probability", "obligation", "necessity", "requirement" Modal adjectives: "possible", "probable", "obligatory", "necessary", "required", "determined" Modal adverbs: "possibly", "probably", "perhaps", "maybe", "sometimes’, "always’ "definitely", "never", "certainly“

10. Write less... Say more! Nominalisation Nominalisation changes verbs and other words into nouns. It makes a text more compact and more specific. e.g., instead of saying… " When your body reaches an abnormally low temperature, you will need to be taken to hospital ", use nominalisation: Hypothermia requires hospitalisation. Instead of saying:" How farmers protected their livestock from the storm was the topic of the article", use nominalisation: "Livestock protection was the topic of the article.“ Nominalisation Nominalisation changes verbs and other words into nouns. It makes a text more compact and more specific. e.g., instead of saying… " When your body reaches an abnormally low temperature, you will need to be taken to hospital ", use nominalisation: Hypothermia requires hospitalisation. Instead of saying:" How farmers protected their livestock from the storm was the topic of the article", use nominalisation: "Livestock protection was the topic of the article.“ Nominalisation requires adding a suffix to the verb, to change verb to noun.

11. VerbsuffixNoun Explore Supervise Farm Star Refuse Break Amaze -(a)tion -ion -ing -dom -al -age -ment exploration supervision farming stardom refusal breakage amazement

12. “What do you call that part of the sentence?” Technical nameExample... The subject (main noun phrase) Mat usually does Rob's car on a Saturday afternoon… Conjunctions (link two clauses) Until the two years is up.... Elements of an interpersonal nature (emotive language) Amazingly, the back wall of the garage is OK. Experiential (experience) elements such as prepositions By the end, he’s sweating and puffing... Adverbial elements of circumstanceBy 1840, many missionaries had settled… Ellipsis (when part of a sentence is left out because it would otherwise repeat what is said elsewhere) I'd like to eat that biscuit, but I won’t. (the second clause is elliptical, with "eat that biscuit" being omitted).

13. Conjunctions...

14. Cohesive techniques... Cohesive techniques are usually repeated phrases, catch-phrases, groups of words… or, your thesis statement… which (like a stapler that holds your pages together) “glues” your arguments and explanations together write through your extended written response – from the beginning to the end!

16. Grammatical cohesive techniques... ClarifyingShowing cause/resultIndicating time in other words for example that is namely in fact so therefore consequently due to..., owing to because of this then next finally meanwhile previously Sequencing ideasAdding informationCondition/concession firstly, first, second, third... at this point to conclude given the above points to get back to the point too in addition also again similarly in that case however despite this even so if not

17. Lexical (word) cohesion… Word associations - form links within texts. Repetition Synonyms; antonyms; hyponyms; hypernyms "My dad bought a new car", "bought" can be replaced by "purchased" (synonym—similar meaning) "bought" can be replaced by "sold" (antonym—contrasting meaning) "car" can be replaced by "Ford" (hyponym—more specific meaning) "car" can be replaced by "vehicle" (hypernym—more general meaning) Collocation - words which typically occur together, making a text predictable.

18. Collocation?? In fairy tales, the words "Once upon a time", "wicked stepmother", "wicked witch", and "lived happily ever after" collocate.

19. More collocation... Collocational is intentionally broken (or ignored) when the writer wants to be inventive. Metaphors taken from Dylan Thomas’s After the Funeral… Some degree of expectancy UnusualWell beyond expectations. We are forced to search for meanings Humble hands Mourning house Skyward statueCrooked year threadbare whisper damp word round pain References Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Derewianka, B. (2005). A grammar companion. Newtown, NSW: PETA.