2.  Body processes require the use of energy  Obtained from ingested food or stored fat  Animal must have food to store energy in fat cells.

3.  Animals spend most of their time in search of food  Maintenance ration must be met first

4.  One component of a feed ration  Not normally by itself

5.  Water  Protein  Carbohydrates

6.  Fats or Lipids  Vitamins  Minerals

7.  All the chemical and physical processes that take place in the body

8.  Anabolism-metabolism that builds tissue  Catabolism-metabolism that breaks down materials

9.  Most abundant compound in the world  Animals must have frequent intake of water to remain alive

10.  Provides basis for all the fluid of the animals body  Bloodstream requires liquid for circulation

11.  Digestion requires moisture for breakdown of nutrients and movement of feed  Needed to produce milk

12.  Provides cells with pressure to allow them to hold their shape  Helps body to maintain constant temperature

13.  Flushes the animal’s body of waste and toxic materials  A loss of 20% if body water will result in death

14.  Animals generally need about three pounds of water for every pound of solid feed they consume

15.  Largest and most costly part of a ration  Composed of Amino acid

16.  Building blocks of life  Tissue development  Muscle Production

17.  Enzymes are composed of protein  Protein can be used to supply energy

18.  Some animals need more protein than others  Young animals  Lactating (milk producing) animals

19.  Twenty-three types of amino acid  Ten essential  Thirteen nonessential

20.  Crude protein content  Total amount of protein in a feed  Calculated be multiplying nitrogen content percentage time 6.25

21.  Digestible protein  The protein in a feed that can be digested and used by the animal  Usually about 50-80% of crude protein

22.  Protein Sources  Animal  Slaughter house by products  Dried fish meal

23.  Plant  Superior to animal sources  Cotton seed meal

24.  Soybean meal, Linseed meal  Peanut meal, Corn meal

25.  Balancing rations is based on the amino acid content

26.  Main source of energy  Compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen  Includes sugars, starches and cellulose

27.  Almost all come form plants  Generally found in grain › Wheat › Oats › barley

28.  Types of sugar › Monosaccharide- simple sugars  Glucose  Fructose, Galactose

29.  Disaccharides- complex sugars › Sucrose › lactose

30.  Group of organic compounds known as lipids  Found in plants and animals  Provide and store energy

31.  Essential fatty acids; necessary for production of some hormones and hormone like subtances

32.  Most important sources are the grains that contain oil

33.  Inorganic  Have role in providing structural support for the animal  Bones (calcium and phosphorus)

34.  Egg shells (calcium)  Other essential needs provided by minerals  Aid in construction of muscles, blood cells, internal organs and emzymes

35.  Mineral elements required › Macro- 7 › Micro- 9

36.  Mineral added to feed in their chemical form  Often fed free choice  Mineral ox or trough  Salt block

37.  Considered micronutrients  Essential for the development of normal body processes

38.  Considered micronutrients  Essential for the development of normal body processes

39.  Health  Growth  Production  Reproduction

40.  Provides animal with ability to fight stress, disease, and the maintain good health.

41.  Fat soluble  Converted from carotene

42.  Fat Soluble  Depends on ultraviolet light from synthesis (sunlight)  Can be made commercially from irradiated yeast.

43.  Fat Soluble  Found in several forms of the organic compound tocopherol

44.  Fat soluble  Utilized to from the enzyme prothrombin  Synthesized in rumen and monogatric intestinal tract

45.  Thiamine: coenzymes in energy metabolism  Riboflavin: part if two coenzymes that function in energy and protein metabolism

46.  Pantithenic acid; component of coenzymes A  Niacin; Involved in metabolism of fats carbs, and proteins.

47.  Pyridoxine: coenzyme component  Biotin: part of an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis

48.  Folic acid: needed in body cell metabolism  Choline: component of fats and nerve tissues  Needed at greater levels than other vitamins

49.  B12: coenzymes in several metabolic reactions  Essential parts of red blood cell maturation

50.  Inositol: found in all feeds and synthesized in the intestine  Para-amniobenzoic acid (PABA): Function no well known

51.  C: essential in the formation of collagen

52.  Nutrients are converted to a form that the cells can use  Nutrients are transported by digestive system

53.  Gastrointestinal tract  Organs that make up the digestive tract  Also referred to as the alimentary tract

54.  Has only one compartment in the stomach  Process goes through the: › Mouth › Esophagus › Stomach › Small intestine: doudenum, jejunum, ileum › Large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum

55.  Humans  Dogs  Cats  Horses

56.  Multicompartment stomach  Ruminant animals are often called “Cud Chewers”  No upper front teeth in ruminent mouth

57.  No enzymes in the saliva  Examples of ruminant animals: › Cows › Sheep › goats

58.  Reticulum › Has appearance of a honeycomb

59.  Traps dangerous objects and prevents them from proceeding through the rest of the tract  Called hardware disease: › Cow eats wire, nails, staples

60.  Stores, sorts, and moves feed back to the esophagus for regurgitation (Throwing Up)

61.  Functions as a storage vat  Food is soaked, mixed, and fermented

62.  Some absorption of nutrients  Some breakdown of feed through microbial action

63.  Grinds roughage

64.  Only true stomach  Functions similarly to a monogastric stomach