1. Japanese Internment http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/99/fear/gallery.html

2. Goal of Today The goal of today will be to look at Japanese American internment. Keep in mind whether or not you think the rights of the Japanese Americans were violated and whether or not you think the US government response today is enough. Terms –Issei –Nisei

3. Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the Japanese Living in America Anti-Japanese sentiments have existed in the United States for several decades prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. On December 7, 1941, the United States naval base Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan, resulting in the U.S. entry into WWII. During that time, more than 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two- thirds of them American citizens, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon. )

4. What is This Cartoon Trying to Say?

5. After Pearl harbor Japanese restaurants were boycotted, Japanese trucks were overturned, and rotten eggs were thrown at Japanese laundries. In the two months following Pearl Harbor there were 36 cases of gangs attacking the Japanese in the western states, resulting in the death of 7 Nisei. Fear of disloyalty on the part of any Issei or Nisei was common among many Americans. –Issei: those born in Japan, regarded by the U.S. government as ineligible for U.S. citizenship. –Nisei: those born to Japan parents, thus U.S. citizens.

6. Columnist Henry McLemore of San Francisco…. “ I am for immediate removal of every Japanese on the West Coast,,, Herd’em up, pack’ em off. Let’em be pinched, hurt and hungry. … I hate the Japanese. And that goes for all of them!”

7. Internment refers to the forced imprisonment and relocation of a group of people.

8. “Headlines of newspapers, in stand at 14th and Broadway [in Oakland] presaged on February 27, 1942, the evacuation of persons of Japanese ancestry from military areas. On February 19, President Roosevelt delegated to the Secretary of War power to exclude any person, alien, or citizen, from any area which might be required, on the grounds of military necessity. Evacuees of Japanese descent will be housed in War Relocation Authority centers for the duration.” — WRA Caption “Headlines of newspapers, in stand at 14th and Broadway [in Oakland] presaged on February 27, 1942, the evacuation of persons of Japanese ancestry from military areas. On February 19, President Roosevelt delegated to the Secretary of War power to exclude any person, alien, or citizen, from any area which might be required, on the grounds of military necessity. Evacuees of Japanese descent will be housed in War Relocation Authority centers for the duration.” — WRA Caption WRA Photograph A-36 by Dorothea Lange, Oakland, California, February 27, 1942.

9. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066 in February of 1942. Executive Order No. 9066 empowered the U.S. Army to designate areas from which "any or all persons may be excluded."

10. Internment February 25, 1942 The Navy informs Japanese American residents of Terminal Island near Los Angeles Harbor that they must leave in 48 hours. They are the first group to be removed en masse. February 27, 1942.Idaho Governor Chase Clark tells a congressional committee in Seattle that Japanese would be welcome in Idaho only if they were in "concentration camps under military guard." Some credit Clark with the conception of what was to become a true scenario. http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/japan/map4.jpg Japanese Internment Camp Locations

11. March 18, 1942 The president signs Executive Order 9102 establishing the War Relocation Authority (WRA) with Milton Eisenhower as director. It is allocated $5.5 million. (http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html)http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html March 21, 1942 The first advance groups of Japanese American "volunteers" arrive at Manzanar, CA. The WRA would take over on June 1 and transform it into a "relocation center." (http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html)http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html

12. March 24, 1942 The first Civilian Exclusion Order issued by the Army is issued for the Bainbridge Island area near Seattle. The forty-five families there are given one week to prepare. By the end of October, 108 exclusion orders would be issued, and all Japanese Americans in Military Area No. 1 and the California portion of No. 2 would be incarcerated. (http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html)http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html (www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/od9066ph.html)www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/od9066ph.html

13. Photographer: Dorothea Lange, San Bruno, California, April 29, 1942 —WRA Photograph C-132 “San Bruno, Calif.-- Families of Japanese ancestry arrive at assembly center at Tanforan Race Track. Evacuees will be transferred later to War Relocation Authority centers where they will be housed for the duration.” —WRA Caption

14. Photographer: Dorothea Lange, San Bruno, California, April 29, 1942 —WRA Photograph C-134 “San Bruno, Calif.-- Families of Japanese ancestry arrive at assembly center at Tanforan Race Track. Evacuees will be transferred later to War Relocation Authority centers where they will be housed for the duration.” —WRA Caption

15. Photographer: Dorothea Lange, San Bruno, California, April 29, 1942 —WRA Photograph C-133 “San Bruno, Calif.—Families of Japanese ancestry arrive at assembly center at Tanforan Race Track. Evacuees will be transferred later to War Relocation Authority centers where they will be housed for the duration.” —WRA Caption

16. Photographer: Dorothea Lange, San Bruno, California, June 16, 1942 —WRA Photograph C-651 “This scene shows one type of barracks for family use. These were formerly the stalls for race horses. Each family is assigned to two small rooms, the inner one of which has no outside door nor window. The center has been in operation about six weeks and 8,000 evacuees of Japanese ancestry are now assembled here.” —WRA Caption “This scene shows one type of barracks for family use. These were formerly the stalls for race horses. Each family is assigned to two small rooms, the inner one of which has no outside door nor window. The center has been in operation about six weeks and 8,000 evacuees of Japanese ancestry are now assembled here.” —WRA Caption

17. Photographer: Dorothea Lange, San Bruno, California, June 16, 1942 —WRA Photograph C-618

18. Photographer: Dorothea Lange, San Bruno, California, June 16, 1942 —WRA Photograph C-641 “Many of the evacuees suffer from lack of their accustomed activities. The attitude of the man shown in this photograph is typical of the residents in assembly centers, and because there is not much to do and not enough work available, they mill around, they visit, they stroll and they linger to while away the hours.” —WRA Caption “Many of the evacuees suffer from lack of their accustomed activities. The attitude of the man shown in this photograph is typical of the residents in assembly centers, and because there is not much to do and not enough work available, they mill around, they visit, they stroll and they linger to while away the hours.” —WRA Caption

19. Photographer: Dorothea Lange, San Bruno, California, June 16, 1942 —WRA Photograph C-644 “Noon time! Meal times are the big events of the day within an assembly center. Shown here is a line-up of evacuees waiting for the B shift. They carry with them their own dishes and cutlery in cloth bags to protect them from the dust which they, themselves, individually wash after the meal. Most residents prefer this second shift because they sometimes get second helpings, but the groups are rotated each week. There are eighteen mess halls in the center. Some accommodate as many as 800 people, three times a day. All food is prepared and served by evacuees..” —WRA Caption

20. Photographer: Dorothea Lange, San Bruno, California, June 16, 1942 —WRA Photograph C-600 “Father and son while away the hours carving small wooden animals for the children in front of their home in the barracks. They have been living at the Assembly Center for approximately one month.” —WRA Caption “Father and son while away the hours carving small wooden animals for the children in front of their home in the barracks. They have been living at the Assembly Center for approximately one month.” —WRA Caption

21. War Relocation Authority(WRA) Centers

23. Internment “Days of Waiting” 1:30 min Questions to consider: Describe life in a relocation camp. How is that life different from your own? Describe the differing points of view held by the elderly and the young. http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/23-0307a.gif Housing in a Japanese Relocation camp http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/23-0306a.gif Japanese near trains during Relocation

24. Kenji- Fort Minor http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BJjo0BC bGohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BJjo0BC bGo

25. Life in Internment Camps "In the detention centers, families lived in substandard housing, had inadequate nutrition and health care, and had their livelihoods destroyed: many continued to suffer psychologically long after their release" - "Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians" (http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/index.html) (www.trumanlibrary.org/.../20-2311a.htm)www.trumanlibrary.org/.../20-2311a.htm

26. "In desert camps, the evacuees met severe extremes of temperature. In winter it reached 35 degrees below zero, and summer brought temperatures as high as 115 degrees. Rattlesnakes and desert wildlife added danger to discomfort." - Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. (http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/camps.html)http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/camps.html (http://www.nps.gov/manz/hrs/hrst.htm)

27. Life in Manzanar Photos taken by Ansel Adams (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage)

28. WRA photographs by Clem Albers, Lone Pine, California, April 1, 1942 “Manzanar, Calif.—Evacuees of Japanese descent arrive at Lone Pine by train and are then taken by bus to Manzanar, now a War Relocation Authority center.”

29. WRA photographs by Clem Albers, Lone Pine, California, April 1, 1942

30. “Manzanar, Calif.—Newcomers move into Manzanar, a War Relocation Authority center for evacuees of Japanese ancestry.” —WRA Caption WRA Photograph B-105 by Clem Albers, Manzanar, California, April 2, 1942.

31. WRA Photograph B-8 by Clem Albers, Manzanar, California, April 2, 1942. “Manzanar, Calif.—Newcomers move into Manzanar, a War Relocation Authority center for evacuees of Japanese ancestry.” —WRA Caption

32. "Sometimes the ball would go through the fence. If we looked like we were going to go after it, the guards would point loaded rifles at us and yell at us to get back. I really resented being cooped up and not having the freedom to even chase a ball." - Amache resident Tom Shigekuni in Robert Harvey's

33. “Manzanar, Calif.— Dr. James Goto, Los Angeles physician and surgeon, examines elderly patient in emergency hospital at this War Relocation Authority center for evacuees of Japanese ancestry.” —WRA Caption WRA Photograph B-150 by Clem Albers, Manzanar, California, April 2, 1942.

34. “Manzanar, Calif.—Third grade students working on their arithmetic lesson at this first volunteer elementary school. School equipment was not yet available at the time this photograph was taken.” —WRA Caption WRA Photograph C-661 by Dorothea Lange, Manzanar, California, July 1, 1942.

35. “Manzanar, Calif.—Evacuee family of Japanese ancestry relax in front of their barrack room at the end of day. The father is a worker on the farm project at this War Relocation Authority center. Note the chair which was made of scrap lumber, and the wooden shoes, known as Getas, made by the evacuees.” —WRA Caption WRA Photograph C-693 by Dorothea Lange, Manzanar, California, July 3, 1942.

36. Civil Rights? More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were removed from their homes and into camps during 1942. More than 70 percent were American citizens. Petty regulations ruled everyday life -- twice a day roll calls, curfews (though trips to the toilets were allowed) and lights out, set meal times. Other regulations denied basic rights such as the right to assemble (organizations were forbidden except with the express permission of camp authorities), religious freedom (Shinto was forbidden), speech (Japanese language materials were confiscated) and privacy (interior police could enter any room without warrant).

37. Questions of Loyalty On February 8, 1943, the WRA (War Relocation Authority) and the Army distributed applications for leave clearance titled "Statement of U.S. Citizenship of Japanese American Ancestry. The questionnaire began wrenching and divisive arguments... Two questions, intended to separate the "loyal" from the "disloyal," most disturbed the internees: - Question #27 asked: "Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty wherever ordered?" Question #28 asked: "Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, or any other foreign government, power, or organization?"

38. WRA Director, Dillon S. Myer, later admitted: "A bad mistake was made in the loyalty question." For one thing, question #27 put to the Issei (first-generation Japanese immigrant), whose average age was 54, was not conceivable, while question #28 forced them into an untenable position: they had not been allowed U.S. citizenship, and now they were being asked to renounce allegiance to the only country of which they were citizens. The Nisei (second-generation, U.S.- born Japanese Americans) were understandably outraged. Among other citizens, loyalty was never questioned, yet the Nisei were once again asked to prove theirs. Also, they knew that, should their parents answer "no" to both questions, a "yes" on their part would mean certain physical and emotional separation from them.

39. Join the Military to Prove Loyalty A number of Nisei left the barbed wire confines to volunteer for the Army. A sizeable number volunteered out of desire to prove their loyalty. Several thousand volunteers served in the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT). Together with the 100th Infantry Battalion, composed of many Japanese Americans from Hawaii, they fought brilliantly overseas in Europe and suffered tremendous casualties. Many also served on the front lines as translators and interpreters in the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) in the Pacific war. Nisei women also served in the Women's Auxiliary Corps (WAC's).

40. The Aftermath In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil Liberties Act, apologizing on behalf of the nation for the "grave injustice" done to persons of Japanese ancestry. Congress declared that the internments had been "motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who had suffered injustices during World War II. (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aamhtml/aamabout.html) Was this enough?