1. Chapter 7-4 Cell Structure and Function
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

2. A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
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A CELL is made of MOLECULES
_______  ___________ ___________

3. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND
ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES
= _________________
Cells __________ a _____________ OR
ORGANELLES
surrounded by _______________
= ________________
Bacterial Cell

4. CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
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5. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC 
HYDROPHOBIC 
Image by Riedell

6. Oil and water don’t mix!
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7. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM
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8. CELL MEMBRANE
Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell)
Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________
(can go part way in or all the way through)

9. GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self”
GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached
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10. TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane
Animations from:
More on this in Chapter 7-3

11. WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary
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Acts as a boundary
Controls what enters and leaves cell

12. Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are
Animation from:
Click here to see Fluidity Animation
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing

13. CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)
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Organelles suspended
in gel-like goo
ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job)
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14. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells
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15. NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
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16. NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES
Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus
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17. WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up
as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
DNA is spread out
as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

18. WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the
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Genetic code tells the
cell’s parts what to do
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19. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS Makes ribosomes
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Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS
Makes ribosomes

20. CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around
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CYTOSKELETON
Helps cell maintain shape
Help move organelles around
Made of PROTEINS:
MICROFILAMENTS (Actin)
& MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
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21. CENTRIOLES
Appear during cell division to guide
chromosomes apart

22. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
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23. MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like “little sausages”
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24. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical
reactions
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25. MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG
You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

26. WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy
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“Powerplant of cell”
Burns glucose to
release energy
Stores energy as ATP
Image by: Riedell

27.  RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA
Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins 
Image by: RIedell
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28. RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm
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Can be attached to Rough ER OR
free in cytoplasm
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29. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network of hollow membrane tubules
2 KINDS:
SMOOTH or ROUGH
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30. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
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Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
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31. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Has RIBOSOMES attached
Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported
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32. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
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Has NO ribosomes attached
Has enzymes for special tasks

33. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
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Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

34. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
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Pancake like membrane stacks
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR transport out of cell
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35. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie

36. It’s ALL connected!

37. LYSOSOMES Digest food, unwanted molecules,
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Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes
Digest food, unwanted molecules,
old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

38. LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action:
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39. LYSOSOMES
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40. “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________
Lysosomes help
digest unwanted
cells

41. Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development
Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses
Cancer
AIDS infection
Transplant rejection

42. FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
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43. FLAGELLA
Help in cell movement

44. CILIA
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Move cell itself

45. CILIA Move substances past cells

46. CILIA FLAGELLA WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Many short Few Long
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Few
Long

47. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
Cell wall
HUGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
No centrioles

48. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell
Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________

49. VACUOLES Storage space
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Storage space

50. VACUOLES
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Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

51. Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS)
See it: Contractile vacuoles 1

52. CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)

53. CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis
Contains own DNA

54. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell

55. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
Cell wall
NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DNA is circular
No membrane bound organelles

56. BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls!
_______________ NOT CELLULOSE!
More on this in Chapter 18!
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57. WHICH IS BIGGER?
_________ > _____________ > ___________

58. BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES
No membrane
bound organelles
Organelles with membranes
BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES
PLANTS & ANIMALS
are EUKARYOTES

59. USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

60. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

61. Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa.
Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera

62. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes)
recognize that different structures perform different functions
identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code
define homeostasis;

63. SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
Students will be able to:
describe the early contributions of Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Ruold Virchow that contributed to the formulation of the cell theory N.1.1
summarize the cell theory N.1.1
distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells L.1.2
relate cellular functions to specialized structures within cells L.1.1.
identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code 9-12.L.1.1.
distinguish between chromatin and chromosomes L.1.1.
relate cell membrane structure with its role regulating what enters and leaves cell L.1.1

64. SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts