1. How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show”, or simply press F5 on the top row of your keyboard. To advance to the next slide click the left mouse button once. From the Chapter screen you can click on any section to go directly to that section’s presentation. Blank or “missing” areas of a slide will remain hidden until the left mouse button is clicked. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

2. Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles Chapter 16 Section 1: Fishes: The First Vertebrates Section 2: Amphibians Section 3: Reptiles Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

3. Fishes: The First Vertebrates Section 1 Bellringer What are some of the physical characteristics shared by dinosaurs and humans? What are the major differences? Record your response in your science journal. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

4. Fishes: The First Vertebrates Section 1 Objectives List the four common body parts of chordates. Describe the two main characteristics of vertebrates. Explain the difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm. Describe four traits that fishes share. Describe the three classes of living fishes, and give an example of each. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

5. Fishes: The First Vertebrates Section 1 Chordates Vertebrates Vertebrates belong to the phylum Chordata. All chordates have each of four particular body parts at some point in their life. These parts are shown in the lancelet on the next slide. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Backbone Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are vertebrates. Many things set vertebrates apart from lancelets and tunicates. One major difference is that only vertebrates have a backbone. Vertebrate Characteristics End of Slide

6. Chordate Body Parts Section 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

7. Fishes: The First Vertebrates Section 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Staying Warm Animals that have a stable body temperature are called endotherms. Cold Blood? Animals that do not control body temperature through activity in their cells are called ectotherms. Are Vertebrates Warm or Cold? End of Slide

8. Fishes: The First Vertebrates Section 1 Fish Characteristics Born to Swim Fishes have many body parts that help them swim. Some of these parts are shown on the next slide. Making Sense of the World Fishes have a brain that keeps track of information coming in from the senses. Most fishes also have a lateral line system. Underwater Breathing Fishes use their gills to breathe. Making More Fish Most fishes reproduce by external fertilization. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

9. Body Parts of a Fish Section 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

10. Fishes: The First Vertebrates Section 1 Kinds of Fishes Jawless Fishes The two kinds of modern jawless fishes are hagfish and lampreys. Cartilaginous Fishes In most vertebrates, soft cartilage in the embryo is slowly replaced by bone. But in sharks, skates, and rays, the skeleton never changes to bone. So, they are called cartilaginous fishes. Bony Fishes Goldfish, tuna, trout, catfish, and cod are bony fishes. This class of fishes is the largest. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

11. Amphibians Section 2 Bellringer Amphibians are notable for their thin, moist skin. What are the primary advantages and disadvantages of thin, moist skin? Do you think human skin is more or less useful than amphibian skin? What might be some advantages of skin that is covered in thick fur or dry scales? Write your answers in your science journal. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

12. Amphibians Section 2 Objectives Explain how amphibians breathe. Describe amphibian metamorphosis. Describe the three groups of amphibians, and give an example of each. Explain why amphibians are ecological indicators. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

13. Amphibians Section 2 Moving to Land What Are Amphibians? Amphibians are animals that can live in water and have lungs and legs. Scientists think that amphibians evolved from the ancestors of lungfish-like fishes. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

14. Amphibians Section 2 Characteristics of Amphibians Thin Skin Amphibian skin is thin, smooth, and moist. The skin is so thin that amphibians absorb water through it instead of drinking. Leading a Double Life Most amphibians change form as they grow. After hatching, a frog or toad embryo becomes a tadpole. This change from an immature form to an adult form is called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is shown on the next slide. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

15. Amphibian Metamorphosis Section 2 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

16. Amphibians Section 2 Kinds of Amphibians Caecilians Caecilians live in tropical areas of Asia, Africa, and South America. They look like earthworms or snakes, but they have the thin, moist skin of amphibians. Salamanders As adults, most salamanders live under stones and logs in the woods of North America. Frogs and Toads About 90% of all amphibians are frogs or toads. Singing Frogs Frogs are well known for their nighttime choruses, but many frogs sing in the daytime, too. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

17. Amphibians Section 2 Amphibians as Ecological Indicators A Sign of the Times Amphibians are often called ecological indicators. In other words, unhealthy amphibians can be an early sign of changes in an ecosystem. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

18. Reptiles Section 3 Bellringer List three adjectives that you associate with reptiles. Record your responses in your science journal under the heading “First impressions.” When you have finished reading the section, you can list three more adjectives under the heading “Second impressions” and then compare how your perceptions about reptiles changed. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

19. Reptiles Section 3 Objectives Explain the traits that allow reptiles to live on land. Describe the characteristics of an amniotic egg. Name the four groups of modern reptiles, and give an example of each. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

20. Reptiles Section 3 Living on the Land Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. First Reptiles About 35 million years after amphibians moved to land, some of them began to change. They grew thick, dry skin that reduced water loss. Their legs changed and grew stronger, so they could walk easily. They also laid eggs that did not dry out on dry land. They had become reptiles, the first animals to live out of the water. End of Slide

21. Reptiles Section 3 Characteristics of Reptiles Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Thick Skin Thick, dry skin is a very important adaptation for life on land. Body Temperature Nearly all reptiles are ectotherms. The Amazing Amniotic Egg The most important adaptation to life on land is the amniotic egg. An amniotic egg is an egg that holds fluid that protects the embryo. End of Slide

22. Reptiles Section 3 Characteristics of Reptiles continued Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Parts of the Amniotic Egg The shell is just one important part of the amniotic egg of a reptile, bird, or egg-laying mammal. All of the parts of the amniotic egg are described on the next slide. Reptile Reproduction Reptiles usually reproduce by internal fertilization. After the egg is fertilized inside the female, a shell forms around the egg. Then, the female lays the egg. End of Slide

23. An Amniotic Egg Section 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

24. Reptiles Section 3 Kinds of Reptiles Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Turtles and Tortoises Generally, tortoises live on land, and turtles spend all or much of their lives in the water. Crocodiles and Alligators Crocodiles and alligators spend most of their time in the water. Snakes and Lizards Today, the most common reptiles are snakes and lizards. Tuataras Tuataras live on only a few islands off the coast of New Zealand. End of Slide

25. Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles Chapter 16 Concept Map Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Use the following terms to complete the concept map on the next slide: ectotherms, lungs, vertebrates, endotherms, reptiles, fishes, amphibians, metamorphosis.

26. Concept Map Chapter 16 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

27. Concept Map Chapter 16 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.