1. Amphibians Copyright Cmassengale

2. Evolution of Amphibians Copyright Cmassengale

3. "Amphibian" comes from the Greek meaning "both life". Amphibians can live on water and on land. "Amphibian" comes from the Greek meaning "both life". Amphibians can live on water and on land. Scientist infer that amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fishes called crossopterygians. Scientist infer that amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fishes called crossopterygians. Copyright Cmassengale

4. Characteristics of Amphibians Copyright Cmassengale

5. Amphibians are cold-blooded, which means their blood temperature rises and falls with that of the surrounding environment. Aquatic as a larva and terrestrial as an adult Copyright Cmassengale

6. They use gills, lungs, skin, and mouth cavity in respiration. Copyright Cmassengale

7. They have moist, smooth, thin skin with no scales. Feet are webbed and the toes lack claws. Copyright Cmassengale

8. Bilateral Symmetry Copyright Cmassengale

9. Eggs

10. Classification of Amphibians Copyright Cmassengale

11. Biologists have identified about 2,375 living species of amphibians and have classified them into four orders Anura – Frogs & Toads Anura – Frogs & Toads Urodela – Salamanders Urodela – Salamanders Trachystoma – Mud eels Trachystoma – Mud eels Apoda - Caecillians Apoda - Caecillians Copyright Cmassengale

12. Frogs and toads make up the Order Anura ("without a tail"). Copyright Cmassengale

13. Salamanders and other amphibians with legs and tails make up the Order Urodela ("visible tail"). Copyright Cmassengale

15. . Some aquatic amphibians (mud eels & sirens) belong to the Order Trachystoma ("rough mouth") Copyright Cmassengale

16. Apoda includes caecilians, a tropical, burrowing worm-like amphibians that is often Legless Copyright Cmassengale

17. Other species can reproduce in damp land environments. Eggs laid on land hatch into miniature adult salamanders Marbled Salamander Copyright Cmassengale

18. Caecilians, members of the Order Apoda, compose a highly specialized group of tropical burrowing amphibians Copyright Cmassengale

19. The caecilian male deposits sperm directly into the female, and the female bears live young Copyright Cmassengale

20. Frogs have eardrums, or tympanic membranes, which are circular structures located behind each eye Tympanic membrane Copyright Cmassengale

21.  The frog's thick, moist skin serves two important functions— respiration and protection  Glands secrete mucus to keep it from drying up Copyright Cmassengale

22. Some glands secrete foul-tasting or poisonous substances that protect the frog from enemies Copyright Cmassengale

23. Well Developed Digestive System Carnivorous- Adult amphibians consume a wide variety of foods. Earthworms are the main diet of burrowing caecilians, anurans feed primarily on insects and other arthropods, and large salamanders and some large anurans eat small vertebrates, including birds and mammals. Copyright Cmassengale

24. Circulatory System  The amphibian's three-chambered heart partially mixes oxygenated with deoxygenated blood and pumps the blood throughout the body at higher pressure than does the fish's heart Copyright Cmassengale

26. Reptiles

27. Adaptations to Land

28. Amniote Egg an egg with a protective membrane and a porous shell enclosing the developing embryo. an egg with a protective membrane and a porous shell enclosing the developing embryo. -It forms a “nursery” to protect the embryo -It forms a “nursery” to protect the embryo They yolk sac encloses the yolk, a protein rich food supply for the developing embryo They yolk sac encloses the yolk, a protein rich food supply for the developing embryo

30. Waterproof Skin dry body covering of horny scales or plates dry body covering of horny scales or plates unlike amphibians who can’t be far from water or they’ll dry out unlike amphibians who can’t be far from water or they’ll dry out

31. External Structural Adaptations (for land) BILATERA L SYMMETR Y

32. Feeding Reptiles can be Carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores Reptiles can be Carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores Snakes eat animals, but lack structural adaptations common to other carnivores. Snakes eat animals, but lack structural adaptations common to other carnivores. Snakes do not see or hear well, and have no limbs, and their teeth and small mouth cannot rip and grind flesh. Snakes do not see or hear well, and have no limbs, and their teeth and small mouth cannot rip and grind flesh.

33. Circulation like amphibians have double circulation like amphibians have double circulation most have 3 chambered heart most have 3 chambered heart alligators and crocodiles have 4 chambered hearts alligators and crocodiles have 4 chambered hearts separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

34. Adaptations of Snakes

35. Snakes probably evolved from lizards that lived above ground found during the Cretaceous period.

36. Swallowing and Digesting Prey A snakes upper and lower jaws are hinged and move independently. A snakes upper and lower jaws are hinged and move independently. when unhinged, the jaws stretch to allow the mouth to open extremely wide. when unhinged, the jaws stretch to allow the mouth to open extremely wide. While swallowing it whole the snake thrusts its windpipe into the throat, allowing the snake to breathe While swallowing it whole the snake thrusts its windpipe into the throat, allowing the snake to breathe - the process of can take several hours. - the process of can take several hours.

37. Birds copyright cmassengale

38. Evolution and Classification Birds are Vertebrates of the Class AvesBirds are Vertebrates of the Class Aves The evolution of warm- blooded, has enabled birds to survive in virtually every known environmentThe evolution of warm- blooded, has enabled birds to survive in virtually every known environment BILATERAL SYMMETRYBILATERAL SYMMETRY copyright cmassengale

39. Origin and Early Evolution Evidence from fossils and from studies of comparative anatomy indicates that birds evolved from reptilesEvidence from fossils and from studies of comparative anatomy indicates that birds evolved from reptiles Their features and their fragile hollow bones do not preserve well.Their features and their fragile hollow bones do not preserve well. copyright cmassengale

40. Characteristics of Birds The following characteristics distinguish birds from other Vertebrates:The following characteristics distinguish birds from other Vertebrates: –Body covered with feathers –Bones are thin and hollow The two hind limbs, with clawed toes support bodyThe two hind limbs, with clawed toes support body A toothless, horny beak in presentA toothless, horny beak in present Body temperatures are generated and regulated internallyBody temperatures are generated and regulated internally Amniote eggs are encased in hard, calcium-containing shells.Amniote eggs are encased in hard, calcium-containing shells. Most species eggs are incubated in a nest.Most species eggs are incubated in a nest. copyright cmassengale

41. External Characteristics Soft, fluffy down feathers cover body of nestling birds and provide and insulating undercoat for adults.Soft, fluffy down feathers cover body of nestling birds and provide and insulating undercoat for adults. Contour feathers give adult birds their streamlined shaped and provide coloration and additional insulationContour feathers give adult birds their streamlined shaped and provide coloration and additional insulation Flight feathers are specialized contour feathers on the wings and tailsFlight feathers are specialized contour feathers on the wings and tails Hairlike Filoplumes, or pinfeathers, and dust filtering bristles near nostrilsHairlike Filoplumes, or pinfeathers, and dust filtering bristles near nostrils copyright cmassengale

42. Digestive System Omnivores, carnivores, or herbivoresOmnivores, carnivores, or herbivores Food passes from the mouth cavity straight to the esophagus.Food passes from the mouth cavity straight to the esophagus. Enlargement of the esophagus called the crop stores and moistens food.Enlargement of the esophagus called the crop stores and moistens food. In the first chamber, The proventriculus, gastric fluids begin breaking down the food.In the first chamber, The proventriculus, gastric fluids begin breaking down the food. Then passes through the gizzard, a muscular organ that kneads and crushes the foodThen passes through the gizzard, a muscular organ that kneads and crushes the food copyright cmassengale

43. Circulatory System 4 chambered heart, 2 loops4 chambered heart, 2 loops Right and left sides completely separatedRight and left sides completely separated Chickadee copyright cmassengale