1. Fishery Management Fishing is extractive – Removes choices organisms- “ fine-ing ” – Changes food web structure The human condition provides little incentive to maintain “ sustainable stocks ” Need way to control ourselves…

2. Ecosystem Effects We take the best tasting, most profitable fish first… Worldwide depletion of predatory fish – 10% of pre- ” industrial ” carrying capacity – What was the baseline??? Myers & Worm Nature [2003]

3. Fine-ing Catch per unit effort (CPUE)

4. Fine-ing Spatial patterns of relative predator biomass in 1952 (a), 1958 (b), 1964 (c) and 1980 (d). Color codes depict the number of fish caught per 100 hooks on pelagic longlines set by the Japanese fleet.

5. Fine-ing Compensation in exploited fish communities. a, Oceanic billfish community in the tropical Atlantic, showing the catch per 100 hooks (c.p.h.h.) of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans; solid circles, solid line), sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus; open triangles, dashed line) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius; open circles, dotted line). b, Demersal fish community on the Southern Grand Banks, showing the biomass of codfishes (Gadidae; solid circles, solid line) and flatfishes (Pleuronectidae; open circles, dotted line).

6. Fine - ing We take the best tasting, most profitable fish first… Worldwide depletion of predatory fish – 10% of pre- ” industrial ” carrying capacity – What was the baseline??? Removing the top-level predators alters the structure of the marine food web

7. Fishing down the food chain Fishing occurs further down the food chain Long-lived, high trophic, piscivorous bottom fish shift to short-lived, low trophic level invertebrates and planktivorous pelagic fish Leads at first to increased yields but appears to be unsustainable Most pronounced in Northern Hemisphere Pauly et al [1998] - Science

8. Fishing down the food chain Marine inland

9. Fishing down the food chain North Pacific NW & Central Atlantic NE Atlantic Mediterranean Sea

10. Fishing down the food chain South Pacific Antarctica

11. Fishing down the food chain Fishing occurs further down the food chain Long-lived, high trophic, piscivorous bottom fish shift to short-lived, low trophic level invertebrates and planktivorous pelagic fish Leads at first to increased yields but appears to be unsustainable Most pronounced in Northern Hemisphere Pauly et al [1998] - Science

12. Otter-Kelp- Urchin Food Web Otters are the keystone predator of this food web

13. Otter-Kelp- Urchin Food Web Removing otters affects food web structure

14. Kelp-Otter-Urchin-Orca Long time records of kelp & otter records in Aleutian & Alaskan coastal waters Otters & kelp increase as urchin decreases and vice-versa Top-down control by apex predator Concept of a trophic cascade

15. The Otter – Kelp – Urchin Food Web Trophic cascade Estes et al [1998]

16. Kelp-Otter-Urchin-Orca Long time records of kelp & otter records in Aleutian & Alaskan coastal waters Otters & kelp increase as urchin decreases and vice-versa Top-down control by apex predator Speculates that food switching by orcas from fish to nearshore mammals

17. Food Web Responses Historical analysis of marine food webs Before & after the “ anthrocene ” Food webs without apex predators Jackson et al. [2001]

18. Food Web Responses Removal of mammals & harvest of other organisms creates trophic cascade

19. Food Web Responses Relative importance of grazing inverts & vertebrates affect relative importance of corals & algae

20. Food Web Responses

21. Evidence of Food Web Responses Caribbean corals Atlantic cod Chesapeake Oysters

22. Anthropogenic Disturbances

23. Historical Overfishing Removal of key predator species affect the functioning of ecosystems Evidence in the size of components in historical record Authors state that overfishing precedes all other disturbances in coastal ecosystems