1. Mission Aircrew School Chapter 14: Crew Resources Management (March 2011)

2. Aircrew Tasks m CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Discuss the fundamentals of Crew Resource Management (CRM) Discuss failures and error chain. Discuss situational awareness. Discuss how to regain SA once lost. Describe barriers to communications. Define/discuss task saturation. Discuss assignments and coordination of duties.

3. Why CRM? m Properly trained aircrew members can collectively perform complex tasks better and make more accurate decisions than the single best performer on the team. m An untrained team's overall performance can be significantly worse than the performance of its weakest single member. m We will cover behavior and attitudes of teamwork and communication among team members.

4. Safety Statistics General Aviation compared to CAP / per 100,000 hours

5. Safety Statistics

6. Failures m Parts and equipment. Mechanical failures m People. Human failures

7. The Error Chain m A series of event links that, when considered together, cause a mishap. m Should any one of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur. m It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain.

8. Situational Awareness m Know what is going on around you… AT ALL TIMES m Requires: Good mental health Good physical health Attentiveness Inquisitiveness

9. Loss of Situational Awareness m Strength of an Idea m Hidden agenda m Complacency m Accommodation m Sudden Loss of Judgement

10. Symptoms of Loss of Situational Awareness m Fixation m Ambiguity m Complacency m Euphoria m Confusion m Distraction m Overload

11. Hazardous Attitudes m Anti-authority m Impulsiveness m Invulnerability m Macho m Resignation m Get There It-us

12. Regaining Situational Awareness m Reduce workload: Suspend the mission. m Reduce threats: Get away from the ground and other obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude). Establish a stable flight profile where you can safely analyze the situation. m Remember: “Aviate, Navigate, Communicate”

13. How do we get it back? m Trust your gut feelings m “Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This is Stupid.” Pilot establishes aircraft in a safe and stable configuration, and then discuss the problem m Sterile Cockpit Limit talk to the minimum necessary for safety. Taxi, takeoff, departure, low-level flying, approach, landing

14. Barriers to Communication m Hearing The biological function of receiving sounds, converting them to electrical impulses, and having the brain interpret them m Listening Correctly identifying what the sender has sent in their message

15. Barriers to Communication

16. m Distracters PHYSICAL/MENTAL: Noise, static, simultaneous transmissions; fatigue and stress WORDING: Incomplete or ambiguous message, too complex or uses unfamiliar terminology PERSONAL: Boring, lack of rapport or lack of credibility

17. Task Saturation m Too much information at one time m Too many tasks to accomplish in a given time m Usually occurs when an individual is confronted with a new or unexpected situation and loses SA

18. Task Saturation m Keep your workload to an acceptable level m If you feel overwhelmed, tell the others before becoming saturated and losing you situational awareness m Watch your team members for signs of saturation

19. Identification of Resources m External and internal m Identify your resources, know where to find them, and how to use them to accomplish the mission

20. Assignment of Duties m CAPR 60-3 m Flight-related – Aircraft commander (PIC) m Mission-related – Mission commander (MO)

21. Crew Coordination m Understand and execute your assignments m Communicate m Question

22. Summary m Pay close attention to all briefings m Understand the “big picture” m Watch for task overload in yourself and other crewmembers

23. Summary m 67% of air transport accidents occur during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, departure, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight. m Begin critical communications with instructions, then explain

24. Summary m Successful missions hinge on each and every crewmember m Learn how to use the procedures and tools available to you, and use them correctly m Never stop learning

25. Summary m Don’t be afraid to ask questions m Never criticize someone for asking questions m Anyone can call: “Time Out,” “Abort,” “This is Stupid” m Remember that the Mission Pilot must make the final decision based on the crew’s input.

26. QUESTIONS?