1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Get the Topic What defines a family? What are the historical and current trends in marriages & families? Defining Marriage & Family “a social unit where the father is concerned with parking space, the children with outer space, & the mother with closet space” Evan Esar (1899-1995)

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Introduction to Marriage and Family

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Get the Topic What is Marriage? Marriage – a legally recognized union between a man & a woman Types of Marriage Monogamous – one person is married to another person of the opposite sex Polygamous – one person is married to multiple husbands or wives Arranged – the families of the bride & groom negotiate an arrangement before the two parties enter into a relationship

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

5. Get the Topic What is Family? Family – a group of two people or more related by birth, marriage, or adoption & residing together Household – all people who occupy a housing unit regardless of relationship Affiliated Kin – nonrelated individuals who are accepted as part of a family

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Get the Topic History of the American Family U.S. Colonial Period to 1899 Culturally, Ethnically,& Religiously Diverse Primarily nuclear Fathers as heads Marital roles divided by gender U.S. 1900 to Pre-WWII Traditional gender roles altered Government intervention Smaller Family Units

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Get the Topic History of the American Family Continued U.S. Modern Era (WWII to present) Teen pregnancy higher than today High divorce rate Formation of women’s liberation movement Dual-Income families Current Trends in Families Of 66.9 million opposite-sex couples living together in 2008, 60.1 million were married

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

9. Get the Topic Current Trends in Families Continued Percentage of women aged 40-44 who were childless increased from 10% in 1976 to 20% in 2006 In 2008, US had an estimated 5.5 million “stay-at-home” parents In 2008, about 9% of all children lived in a household that included a grandparent; 23% living with a grandparent had no parent present American families are overworked

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Get the Topic Current Trends in Families Continued Factors Affecting Current Trends Demographic Factors Increased life expectancy Proportion of never-married women & men increased Increased rates of cohabitation Lifestyle Factors Transition toward gender equality & empowerment of women Legalization of same-sex marriages

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Get the Topic Current Trends in Families Continued Is Marriage in Transition or Decline? Functions of the Family Economic Security Social Prestige & Status Family of Origin – the family in which an individual is raised

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Insert

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Get the Topic Current Trends in Families Continued Functions of the Family Continued Education & Socialization Socialization – the shaping of an individual’s behavior to conform to social or cultural norms Protection Religious Tradition Recreation Affection

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Get the Topic Diversity in Families Family Diversity – the variation in family structures, experiences, & circumstances between families Diversity in Race & Ethnicity Race – a group of people who are classified according to their phenotype Phenotype – the anatomical & physical characteristics that distinguish one race from another Ethnic Group – a group of people characterized by cultural factors

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Get the Topic Diversity in Race & Ethnicity Continued African American Families Greater percentage never married High divorce & unmarried birth rates Greater percentage of women headed households Hispanic Families Diversity in ethnic heritage & socioeconomic status

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

17. Get the Topic Diversity in Race & Ethnicity Continued Asian American Families High marriage & low divorce rates Fewer children Family-Oriented American Indian Families Extended Families revolving around clan Inter-racial & Inter-ethnic marriages

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Think Marriages & Families How Do Different Theorists View the Family? Theories of the Family Structural-Functional Theory Talcott Parsons Main function is to procreate & socialize children Family, as system, needs to maintain its basic structure Conflict Theory Karl Marx Those who control the resources have the power Conflict within families is necessary

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Think Marriages & Families Theories of the Family Continued Feminist Theory Second Wave of Feminism Women’s experiences central to understanding the family Gender is socially constructed Emphasis on social change & challenging status quo No neutral observation of humans

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Think Marriages & Families Theories of the Family Continued Symbolic Interaction Theory Examination at micro level Develop sense of self through interactions Looking-glass self – interpretations of other people’s opinions become a dominant aspect of identity Self – the concept of identity that develops through interactions with others Society – process of socialization in which we interpret meanings of symbols learn about our roles Role – the part we are expected to play in society, learned through interactions with others

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

24. Think Marriages & Families Theories of the Family Continued Ecological Theory

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Think Marriages & Families Theories of the Family Continued Social Exchange Theory Human relationships based on rewards & costs Rewards – the pleasures or satisfactions we enjoy from participating in a relationship Costs – the negative outcomes, energy invested, or rewards foregone as a result of choosing one behavior over another Comparison Level of Alternatives – the evaluation by individuals of their relationships in light of available alternatives

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Think Marriages & Families Theories of the Family Continued Family Systems Theory Systems have boundaries - Boundaries – emotional barriers that define & separate a system Systems have internal rules of transformation - Rules of Transformation – the means by which a system governs inputs to outputs Systems have subsystems - Subsystem – part of a system that can be analyzed separately Systems have variety - Variety – the extent to which a system is able to adapt to changes

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Think Marriages & Families Theories of the Family Continued Family Life Course/Development Theory Family development proceeds through stages Stage explanation problematic Family Career Biosocial Theory Interaction of genes & environment Nepotism – favoritism shown to one’s kin Reciprocity – the exchange of favors Coercion – being forced to act against one’s interests

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Discover Marriages & Families in Action What is the Meaning of Family? Perspectives of the Family Societal Perspective Narrow or Broad legal definition of family constitution Small-Group Perspective Classification of particular groups as families Individual Perspective Inclusion or Exclusion of “family members” based on individual’s perspective