1. AS Business Studies Budgets Today you will know what a budget is. You will understand why budgets are set and you will apply this to the case study Unit 2a: Managing the Business

2. n Budgeting is the process of setting targets covering all aspects of costs and revenues. n A budget is a financial plan that sets out an organisation’s expected costs and revenues over a given period of time. n Budgets set out the policy to be pursued and anticipated outcomes from this policy Budgeting

3. The Role of a budget n Ensures a business does not overspend n Allocating large budgets to particular departments/divisions establishes priorities for a firm e.g. mobile phone company 3 allocates large budgets to developing 3G mobile phones n Budgets encourage delegation of responsibility and allow decisions to be made by managers who are more knowledgeable of the department/division than senior managers at the top of the hierarchy. n Assign responsibility to the budget holder, therefore much easier to trace mistakes and recognise success n Improve efficiency

4. n Time consuming n Management need the skill to do this n May not understand the department well n Need good research data n Level of inflation (prices) may be difficult to predict n The budget may be imposed Problems of setting budgets

5. Benefits of using budgets n They provide direction and co-ordination. Budgets ensure spending is geared towards the aims of the business rather than the individual. n Giving staff responsibility for budgets and recognition when budget targets are met has a motivating effect. Pay and rewards may be linked to staff meeting budgets. n Working to budget restrictions improves efficiency n Monitoring and reviewing budgets allows successes and failures to be investigated. n Budgeting encourages careful evaluation of future possibilities and realistic planning.

6. Drawbacks in using budgets n Budgets are difficult to monitor fairly, and honesty is required from the budget holder n Budget allocations may be incorrect. Insufficient allocations restrict the activities of the company and can be de-motivating for staff. n Savings may be sought that are not in the interests of the firm. To keep within a budget a manager may make a cost cutting decision in the short-term which may lower the quality of the good produced and damage sales in the long term. n Changes may not be allowed for when a budget is reviewed.

7. Zero Budgeting n A system of setting budgets where managers must justify all of the money allocated to them to ensure it is not excessive. n Advantages n Encourages budget holders to plan carefully n Identifies changes in needs for a business. It avoids declining areas accumulating big budgets n It can save money n Disadvantages n Can be very time consuming n Skilled negotiators may be able to accumulate higher budgets when they may not be necessary

8. Variances n Differences between actual and budgeted figures n E.g. n Budgeted advertising spending = £5,000,000 n Actual spending = £6,000,000 n Variance = £1,000,000 n Favourable variance – when costs are lower than expected or sales are higher than expected n Adverse (unfavourable) Variance – Costs are higher or revenue is lower than expected Adverse Variance

9. Student activity Exam style question: Sharrocks plc is a clothes retailer with 120 branches across the UK. The company has a reputation for selling highly fashionable products. Examine the benefits the company might gain from delegating budgets (8 marks) Mark breakdown: ContentKnowledge of theory (2 marks) Application Relating your answer to the case (1 mark) Analysis Using the correct theory and the appropriate business language to fully develop the answer (3marks) Evaluation Making a judgement based on arguments (2 marks)

10. Introduction with definition of budgets and why business set them. (AO 1: Knowledge) Advantages of setting budgets with particular focus and examples from the company the question is focused upon (AO 2: Application & AO 3: Analysis) Disadvantages applied to the case (AO 2: Application & AO 3: Analysis) Conclusion with a judgement which answers the question based on your arguments in the essay. (AO 4: Evaluation) Structure of essay

11. Possible answers could include a definition of a budget plus: Advantages of delegating budgets Motivating for staff as they are empowered and take ownership of decisions, better decision making as local managers are more knowledgeable of own store it is a fashion store so tastes and fashions change so stores can set their own budgets accordingly, budget holders are accountable and mistakes can be easily traced, success can be rewarded Disadvantages of delegating budgets Loss of control from senior management, requires honesty from budget holders, budget holders may not have sufficient skills, may lose consistency across the firm and not work towards common goal of company Answer

12. Case Study: And so this is Christmas Read the case study and complete questions 1 - 4 (25 Marks: 30 Minutes) Remember to use the assessment objectives to achieve FULL marks