1. Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation4
Body Structure
Classroom Activity to Accompany Medical Terminology Systems, Seventh Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding

2. Levels of Organization4
BODY STRUCTURE
Levels of Organization
Cell
Cell membrane and cytoplasm
Nucleus
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism 2

3. Body Planes Midsagittal (median) plane Coronal (frontal) plane4
BODY STRUCTURE
Body Planes
Midsagittal (median) plane
Coronal (frontal) plane
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Pedagogical Note: You may select a student to identify each of the body planes shown on the illustration. 3

4. Body Cavities Dorsal (posterior) Ventral (anterior) 4 Cranial Spinal
BODY STRUCTURE
Body Cavities
Dorsal (posterior)
Cranial
Spinal
Ventral (anterior)
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic 4

5. Body Cavities Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Body Cavities Exercise
What is another term for dorsal?
What is another term for ventral?
Name the two dorsal cavities.
Name the ventral cavities.
Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 5

6. Body Cavities Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Body Cavities Exercise
What is another term for dorsal? It is also called posterior.
What is another term for ventral? It is also called anterior.
Name the two dorsal cavities. cranial and spinal
Name the ventral cavities. Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic, or thoracic and abdominopelvic
Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 6

7. Quadrants Abdominopelvic cavity4
BODY STRUCTURE
Quadrants
Abdominopelvic cavity
Divides into four quadrants by two imaginary lines that cross at the umbilicus of the body
One horizontal line
One vertical line 7

8. Quadrants (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Quadrants (continued)
Four divisions providing reference points
Used to describe the location of abdominopelvic organs
Used for clinical examination, reporting, and charting
Location of abdominal pain
Location of surgical procedures, such as incision sites
Location of tumors
Patient assessments
Operative and physical examinations 8

9. Define the following abbreviations: RUQ: LUQ: RLQ: LLQ:4
BODY STRUCTURE
Quadrants Exercise
Define the following abbreviations:
RUQ:
LUQ:
RLQ:
LLQ:
Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 9

10. RUQ: right upper quadrant LUQ: left upper quadrant 4
BODY STRUCTURE
Quadrants Exercise
RUQ: right upper quadrant
LUQ: left upper quadrant
RLQ: right lower quadrant
LLQ: left lower quadrant
Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 10

11. Abdominopelvic Regions4
BODY STRUCTURE
Abdominopelvic Regions
Nine regions correspond to a specific body area
Right and left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right and left lumbar
Umbilical
Right and left inguinal (iliac)
Hypogastric 11

12. Abdominopelvic Regions (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Abdominopelvic Regions (continued)
Nine regions provide reference points
Used to describe location of internal organs
Used for clinical examinations, reporting, and charting
Location of abdominal pain
Location of surgical procedures
Incision sites
Location of tumors
Operative reports 12

13. Abdominopelvic Regions Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Abdominopelvic Regions Exercise
Identify the region:
surrounding the umbilicus (navel):
above the stomach:
beneath the umbilicus (navel):
on the left lower side near the groin (ileus):
on the right middle side near the waist:
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and informtion are available on various web sites. 13

14. Abdominopelvic Regions Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Abdominopelvic Regions Exercise
Identify the region:
surrounding the umbilicus (navel): umbilical
above the stomach: epigastric
beneath the umbilicus (navel): hypogastric
on the left lower side near the groin (ileus): left inguinal or left iliac
on the right middle side near the waist: right lumbar 14

15. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CFs for cellular structures:
cell:
nucleus:
tissue:
Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus web site and completing the flash-card activities. 15

16. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
cell: cyt/o
nucleus: kary/o, nucle/o
tissue: hist/o
Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus web site and completing the flash-card activities. 16

17. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CFs for position and direction:
anterior, front:
middle:
lower, below:
side, to one side:
back (of body), behind, posterior: 17

18. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
anterior, front: anter/o
middle: medi/o
lower, below: infer/o
side, to one side: later/o
back (of body), behind, posterior: dors/o, poster/o 18

19. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CFs for regions of the body:
9. stomach:
10. chest:
11. cranium (skull):
12. pelvis:
13. abdomen:
14. loins (lower back):
Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus web site and completing the flash-card activities. 19

20. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
9. stomach: gastr/o
10. chest: thorac/o
11. cranium (skull): crani/o
12. pelvis: pelv/i, pelv/o
13. abdomen: abdomin/o
14. loins (lower back): lumb/o
Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus web site and completing the flash-card activities. 20

21. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CFs for color:
red:
white:
black:
blue:
yellow:
Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus web site and completing the flash-card activities. 21

22. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
red: erythr/o
white: albin/o, leuk/o
black: melan/o
blue: cyan/o
yellow: cirrh/o, jaund/o, xanth/o
Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus web site and completing the flash-card activities. 22

23. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
List other CFs:
dry:
extremity:
internal organs:
disease:
unknown, peculiar:
Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus web site and completing the flash-card activities. 23

24. Combining Forms Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Combining Forms Exercise
List other CFs:
dry: xer/o
extremity: acr/o
internal organs: viscer/o
disease: path/o
unknown, peculiar: eti/o
Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus web site and completing the flash-card activities. 24

25. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
destruction of white cells: /o/ /o/lysis
pertaining to the coccyx: /eal
resembling red: /oid
tumor of black (cells): / 25

26. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
destruction of white cells: leuk/o/cyt/o/lysis
pertaining to the coccyx: coccyg/eal
resembling red: erythr/oid
tumor of black (cells): melan/oma 26

27. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
pertaining to the neck: /al
abnormal condition of yellow(ness): /osis
abnormal condition of blue(ness): /
pertaining to the (vertebrae of the) loins: /ar 27

28. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
pertaining to the neck: cervic/al
abnormal condition of yellow(ness): cirrh/osis
abnormal condition of blue(ness): cyan/osis
pertaining to the (vertebrae of the) loins: lumb/ar 28

29. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
9. pertaining to a disease of unkown (origin): /o/ /ic
10. pertaining to the body: /ic
11. specialist in the study of diseases: /o/
12. pertaining to the internal organs: /al 29

30. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
9. pertaining to a disease of unkown (origin): idi/o/path/ic
10. pertaining to the body: somat/ic
11. specialist in the study of diseases: path/o/logist
12. pertaining to the internal organs: viscer/al 30

31. Build a Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Build a Medical Word Exercise
white cell:
pain in the stomach:
instrument to measure the cranium (skull):
enlargement of internal organs:
Pedagogical Note: To reinforce the word building technique, encourage students to break the words down into their component parts. 31

32. Build a Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Build a Medical Word Exercise
white cell: leuk/o/cyte
pain in the stomach: gastr/algia, gastr/o/dynia
instrument to measure the cranium (skull): crani/o/meter
enlargement of internal organs: viscer/o/megaly
Pedagogical Note: To reinforce the word building technique, encourage students to break the words down into their component parts. 32

33. Build a Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Build a Medical Word Exercise
incision of the chest:
study of tissues:
record of an x-ray:
pertaining to a deficient color:
Pedagogical Note: To reinforce the word building technique, encourage students to break the words down into their component parts. 33

34. Build a Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Build a Medical Word Exercise
incision of the chest: thorac/o/tomy
study of tissues: hist/o/logy
record of an x-ray: radi/o/gram
pertaining to a deficient color: hypo/chrom/ic
Pedagogical Note: To reinforce the word building technique, encourage students to break the words down into their component parts. 34

35. Diseases and Conditions4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diseases and Conditions
Disease
Pathological (morbid) condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings
Disrupts homeostasis (state of equilibrium within internal environment of the body), including:
temperature
hydration (fluid volume)
acidity and salts (electrolytes) 35

36. Diseases and Conditions (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Disease (continued)
Sign
Objective indicator of disease
Example: rash, swelling, lump
Illustration: Rash and swelling
Symptom
Subjective indicator of disease
Example: dizziness, nausea, pain 36

37. Diseases and Conditions (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Disease (continued)
Cause
Metabolic (diabetes)
Infectious (influenza)
Congenital (cleft palate)
Hereditary (hemophilia)
Neoplastic (cancer)
Environmental (trauma, burns) 37

38. Vocabulary Challenge Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
adhesion:
inflammation:
febrile:
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various web sites. 38

39. Vocabulary Challenge Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
adhesion: abnormal fibrous band binding tissues that are normally separated
inflammation: body defense against injury and disease that limits the spread of injury and aids in healing; characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain
febrile: feverish, pertaining to a fever
Pedagogical Note: To reinforce the word building technique, encourage students to break the words down into their component parts. 39

40. Vocabulary Challenge Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
morbid:
sepsis:
suppurative:
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various web sites. 40

41. Vocabulary Challenge Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
morbid: diseased; unhealthy
sepsis: presence of pathogens in blood or other tissues
suppurative: producing or pertaining to the generation of pus
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various web sites. 41

42. Medical and Surgical Procedures4
BODY STRUCTURE
Medical and Surgical Procedures
Electrocardiography
Recording of electrical impulses generated in the heart
Electrodes placed strategically on the skin to detect and transmit impulses to a recording device
Impulses sometimes tracked for 24 hours using a Holter monitor, as shown in the illustration 42

43. Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
Spirometry
Pulmonary function test measures volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs
Commonly ordered postoperatively to promote deep breathing (as shown in illustration) 43

44. Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
Spirometry
Aid in assessment of lung disorders
Improves lung function
Ordered for patients who have had surgeries that may jeopardize respiratory function 44

45. Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
Anastomosis
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow the flow from one to the other
Illustration: (A) end-to-end, (B) end-to-side, and (C) side-to-side anastomoses. 45

46. Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
Biopsy
Removal of representative sample for evaluation
Sample of tissue, blood, or body fluid (as in bone marrow, shown in illustration) 46

47. Clinically Related Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. L.’s saphenous vein is excised and used to bypass an occlusion in one of his heart vessels. Surgery that joins two vessels to allow the free flow of blood between them is called a(n) (anastomosis, scan, vasculotomy).
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various web sites. 47

48. Clinically Related Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. L.’s saphenous vein is excised and used to bypass an occlusion in one of his heart vessels. Surgery that joins two vessels to allow the free flow of blood between them is called an (anastomosis, scan, vasculotomy).
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various web sites. 48

49. Clinically Related Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Clinically Related Exercise
Mrs. W. is told that deep breathing postoperatively is essential to avoid lung complications. The doctor instructs her to use an incentive spirometer. This device helps prevent fluid build-up in the .
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various web sites. 49

50. Clinically Related Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Clinically Related Exercise
Mrs. W. is told that deep breathing postoperatively is essential to avoid lung complications. The doctor instructs her to use an incentive spirometer. This device helps prevent fluid build-up in the lungs.
Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various web sites. 50

51. Diagnostic Procedures4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diagnostic Procedures
Endoscopy
Visual examination of an organ or cavity with an endoscope
Instrument and procedure named for organ or cavity examined
Illustration: Gastroscopy, visual examination of the stomach using a fiber-optic scope passed through the mouth to the stomach and upper digestive tract
Used for biopsy, coagulation, and fluid aspiration 51

52. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Radiography (x-ray)
Use of an electromagnetic beam passed through the body to produce images
Illustration: Chest x-ray
Radiopaque dye possibly required for radiographs of soft tissue 52

53. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Ultrasound (US)
Ultra–high–frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of a body structure on a computer screen
Illustration: Basic components of a US device 53

54. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Ultrasound (US) (continued)
Hand-held US transducer (illustration)—sound waves emitted as it is moved back and forth over the organ or structure examined
Optimized sound transmission from using gel placed on the skin
Possible to place US probes inside a body cavity 54

55. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Ultrasound (US) (continued)
Sound waves from a transducer or probe reflected from internal structures as echoes
Echoes changed into electrical signals and analyzed by a computer
Brightest areas on the ultrasound image produced by the strongest echoes 55

56. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Use of a radioactive chemical called a tracer that is introduced into the body
Accumulation of tracer in the most rapidly metabolizing tissues
Illustration: metabolic activity of brain tissue 56

57. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
PET (continued)
Positively charged particles (positrons) emitted in a body region and detected by a device called a gamma camera to produce an image
Identification of areas of higher and decreased metabolic activity
Areas of increased metabolism possibly indicating a tumor
Areas of decreased metabolism possibly indicating Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, or epilepsy 57

58. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)4
BODY STRUCTURE
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Use of radio waves and strong magnets to produce multiplanar, cross-sectional, images
Exceptional detail of soft tissues
Illustration: MRI of the brain 58

59. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
record of sound: /o/
processof recording (images using frequencies) beyond sound: / /o/
instrument to cut skin: derm/a/
instrument for examining the bronchi: bronchi/o/
Pedagogical Note: Note the exception to the rule of using an “o” for a connecting vowel. In question 3, the connecting vowel is an “a.” 59

60. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
record of sound: son/o/gram
process of recording (images using frequencies) beyond sound: ultra/son/o/graphy
instrument to cut skin: derm/a/tome
instrument for examining the bronchi: bronchi/o/scope 60

61. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
instrument to measure the cranium: /o/
visual examination within (the body): /
pertaining to through the abdomen: / /al 61

62. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
instrument to measure the cranium: crani/o/meter
visual examination within (the body): endo/scopy
pertaining to through the abdomen: trans/abdomin/al 62

63. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
8. study of blood: hemat/o/
9. instrument for measuring heat: therm/o/
10. specialist in the study of x-rays: /o/ 63

64. Complete the Medical Word Exercise4
BODY STRUCTURE
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
8. study of blood: hemat/o/logy
9. instrument for measuring heat: therm/o/meter
10. specialist in the study of x-rays: radi/o/logist 64

65. Copyright © 2013 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2013 by F.A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This product is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without written permission from the publisher.