1. Human Trafficking 101 Outlining the Problem: Module A Play in Slideshow Mode

2. Trafficking and Migration 1

3. Vulnerable Community Person Seeking work Person Seeking work Person Seeking work We begin with a community in a less developed country that has people seeking job opportunities Within this community, some people may remain and do whatever they can to find work, while others may seek opportunities elsewhere This could be within their own country or within another country that is considered more prosperous

4. Successful Migration Vulnerable Community Person Seeking work Person Seeking work Person Seeking work Those who leave, are called migrants What motivates a person to migrate differs from individual to individual It could be out of need, a desire to improve one’s life or simply a desire for adventure If the migrant is lucky enough to be associated with people who have no intention of exploiting him/her, the outcome can be very positive In the best of circumstances, the working conditions are good, compensation is fair, there is no exploitation or abuse, and the migrant is happy with the terms and conditions This is one potential outcome at one end of the spectrum Factors such as the migrant’s understanding of the migration process, their type of work and their ability to access help if needed will influence the process

5. Slavery Successful Migration Vulnerable Community Person Seeking work Person Seeking work Person Seeking work However, if the potential migrant is ill-informed or being influenced by criminals whose intent is to exploit, the outcome can be devastating This represents the other end of the spectrum The person can’t leave, does not get paid and loses control of his/her life….. In other words he/she is in a slavery-like condition It is important to note that in addition to these end points, there are many people who migrate and fall somewhere in between these two extremes For example, a person might be exploited, but not enough to be considered trafficked Not all exploitation is trafficking or slavery….

6. Three Examples of Human Trafficking Outcomes Fishing Boat What is it like to be a victim of slavery on a Thai fishing boat? In this case, the victim works up to 19 hours a day, every day, eating nothing but fish and rice twice a day for years. If he gets sick, injured or if he complains, the captain throws him off the boat into the ocean. He is beaten if he doesn't work hard enough, or even if he does. Days go by with only a few hours of sleep. To keep him working, they drug him with strong stimulants that destroy his health. At the end, sometimes up for four years at sea, he is not given any pay because as an illegal migrant, he has no one to turn to. Having no way to communicate with his family while on the boat, he is often assumed dead and the family moves on -- wife remarrying, children not knowing their father. Sex Trafficking What is it like to be a victim of sex trafficking? A twelve-year-old girl is tricked into a situation where she is taken away from her family and transported to another country. Once there, she is sold like an animal to a brothel owner. From this point on, the scenario is very much the same -- she is gang raped and tortured for days until she finally agrees to sleep with up to 10 men a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, for several years until she eventually acquires an illness that deteriorates her body – she dies. Labor Trafficking What is it like to be a victim of a labor trafficking? The victim accepts of a job with a negotiated salary of $50 a month but is told she can’t leave the factory. After working 18 hours a day, seven days a week for two months, she goes to the employer and asks for her pay. He explains to her that it cost $54 a month for her to stay there so she actually owes him money. Until she pays it back, she is not allowed to leave. So the more she works, the more in debt she becomes, creating a situation where she can never leave. The hours are excessive, the living conditions horrid and the life devoid of anything but hard work, hopelessness and despair.

7. The Criminal Element 2

8. Slavery Successful Migration Vulnerable Community Person Seeking work Person Seeking work Person Seeking work Person Seeking work

9. Vulnerable Community Person Seeking work As a person begins a migratory process, the conditions differ from individual to individual Point of Origin Border Crossing Inside 2 nd country Sometimes the migrant makes the journey alone or sometimes with other migrants, including family members The process can be through formal, legal channels or through informal channels that might include smuggling Work Situation It is important to note that while many trafficking cases happen cross border, there are also significant trafficking cases that take place within a country, known as internal trafficking

10. Person Seeking work Point of Origin Border Crossing Inside 2 nd country Work Situation EnforcersExploiters Transporters Recruiters There are four criminal categories associated with human trafficking In some cases, potential migrants are targeted by unscrupulous people from within a community…… …or from along the migration route These people, who are known as “recruiters,” influence a migrant’s choices If the recruiter does this with the intent to exploit, then this person is part of the trafficking chain The recruiter controls the migrant through fraud, deception and the establishment of some form of debt

11. Person Seeking work Point of Origin Border Crossing Inside 2 nd country Work Situation Transporters Recruiters Some recruiters can also act as transporters A transporter’s role in the criminal chain is to assist in transporting and moving migrants to an exploitative site The transporter’s involvement can begin at any point along the migration path: inside the village, at the border, or within the community where the exploitation takes place If he/she does this with the intent to exploit, then this person is part of the trafficking chain Smuggler Note: The difference between a smuggler and a transporter is that the smuggler simply offers a service – to move a person from one place to another. The intent to exploit is not a motivating factor The crimes transporters commit often include fraud, deception, kidnapping, or illegal border crossing

12. Point of Origin Border Crossing Inside 2 nd country Work Situation Transporters Recruiters It is the transporter who often sells the victim to the exploiter. This, in itself, is a crime Exploitative Worksite Person Seeking work The difficulty with both recruiters and transporters is that it is not always possible to know that they are involved in a trafficking event until after the victim has been moved to the exploitative site Intent is nearly impossible to prove until after the fact Exploitative Worksite Both recruiters and transporters are considered minor players in the human trafficking chain

13. Inside Village Border Crossing Inside 2 nd country Work Situation Transporters Recruiters Exploitative Worksite Person Seeking work Exploitative Worksite Trafficking outcomes often include forced prostitution, forced labor including domestic workers, and the like There are basically two categories of people who act as criminals within the exploitative outcome EnforcersExploiters They “break in,” enforce and maintain a person in a slave-like situation

14. Inside Village Border Crossing Inside 2 nd country Work Situation Transporters Recruiters Exploitative Worksite Person Seeking work Exploitative Worksite EnforcersExploiters Exploiters are the managers and owners of exploitative sites. They are the ones that put in place a situation where slavery flourishes They are also the ones that buy trafficking victims. While they might not be the ones that actually abuse victims with their own hands, they manage the process Enforcers are the ones that break in and maintain trafficking victims Their crimes often include: rape, torture, assault, threats, coercion, force, and debt bondage Despite their brutality, the criminals that carry out these heinous acts are seldom sought after in most trafficking cases

15. Inside Village Border Crossing Inside 2 nd country Work Situation Transporters Recruiters Exploitative Worksite Person Seeking work Exploitative Worksite EnforcersExploiters All play a role in the trafficking process All would be considered Traffickers All are involved in acts that are criminal in nature All should be Included when carrying out criminal investigations

16. Addressing the Exploitation 3

17. Inside Village Border Crossing Inside 2 nd country Work Situation Exploitative Worksite It is important to note that most counter trafficking programs focus on the relationship between the victim and the recruiter or transporter But while recruiters, middlemen, and transporters are part of the problem, they are not nearly as threatening and damaging as those who actually keep the victim in the slave-like situation The exploitative businesses should be the main focus of counter trafficking sector This is where most of the human rights violations take place. It is also where the main abuse -- the enslavement -- takes place To effectively address the human trafficking problem, more emphasis must be placed on eliminating the most exploitative sites This will reduce demand and also send a powerful message to those who might chose to traffic or enslave others

18. No Exploitation Slave-like Exploitation Within all business sectors, there is a continuum from fair/non-exploitative businesses to those that seriously exploit Garment Agriculture Fisheries Mining At some points along this continuum, a business crosses over a line into slavery Those businesses that are the most exploitative can be targeted and eliminated using any number of existing laws in any country In the absence of addressing the exploitation sites, trafficking will continue unabated

19. What is the main point? It is the enslavement aspect that gives life to the trafficking sector….. Not merely the “movement of a person with intent to exploit” (trafficker’s role)…. Thus, to truly address the trafficking problem, the exploitation site must be better targeted within the response equation

20. Understanding the Post Exploitation Process 4

21. Trafficking Outcome: Slavery EscapeRescue Contract over Thrown Out Used upDeath Most trafficking victims remain for a period of time in the slave-like condition Depending on the circumstances, this can last for months or years There are basically six ways in which a person leaves this environment Some victims simply run away on their own, often at great risk to themselves Some victims are rescued through police raids For others, they are returned to their country of origin after years of service, but without much (sometimes any) remuneration Some victims are thrown out after receiving an injury or becoming diseased For some, the person is simply let go to make way for a new person once his/her profitability is lowered through attrition, e.g. a sex worker who no longer attracts clients Finally, some victims do not survive the experience

22. Trafficking Outcome: Slavery EscapeRescue Contract over Thrown Out Used upDeath VoluntaryInvoluntary Person remains in the “harm” environment (e.g. brothel) Person stays in the country/ community of destination (but outside the harm) Person goes to a third country Repatriation Person ends up in a jail or a remand center In this case, the victim has the ability to leave, but he/she stays The person may have started benefiting in the environment or feels that he/she has no other options Instead of returning to their country of origin, the person stays in the location where he/she was trafficked to In this case, the person feels as if he/she benefits more by staying than returning, e.g. more opportunities to improve his/her status In this case, the person feels as if he/she benefits more from going to a third country that perhaps offers more opportunities Person leaves and voluntarily decides to return to their country/ community of origin State authorities in a country sometimes force a trafficked person to repatriate to their country of origin Once out, where do most victims end up going?

23. VoluntaryInvoluntary Person remains in the “harm” environment Person stays in the country/ community of destination (but outside the harm) Person goes to a third country Repatriation Person ends up in a jail or a remand center For most victims, the recovery process begins at this point But how does the recovery process work?

24. Trafficked person outside of the exploitative site Self-recovery Facilitated recovery With self recovery, the victim recovers from the experience with no outside help from NGO or Government partners Most people who have been trafficked fall into this category, but we know little about their experiences While some people are able to successfully start a new, productive life, others are still vulnerable and susceptible to being re-trafficked again. In this case, an NGO or Government facility provides support to the trafficked person Services often include: provision of a stable, secure environment; a psycho-social assessment; counseling; food, shelter and medical care; a peer environment; and legal representation and advice Services can be provided through an number of different facilities including: safe haven sites, drop in centers, short term stay facilities or long term stay facilities

25. Lessons learned about recovery Not all support provided to a trafficked person is beneficial For example, not all shelter homes offer a quality of care that would meet international standards Likewise, some shelters hold victims in place for extended periods instead of mainstreaming them back into society The main purpose of the recovery process should be to help to return a person back to society in a manner that does not contribute to their future vulnerability Programs which detain victims in closed shelters or give no option to return to the country of origin are not only potentially harmful to victims, but can provide a major disincentive to victims coming forward

26. Self-recoveryFacilitated recovery As part of the recovery process, the trafficked person needs to eventually reintegrate into society Reintegration options fall into three categories Family CommunityWorkplace This transition can be done either with or without help Some victims reintegrate back into their family While some families take them back, this is not always the case For example, if the family knows that their daughter was forced to be a sex worker, the shame associated with this outcome might cause them to shun her, even though she may have been victimized Some victims reintegrate back into their previous community or a new one Once again, community acceptance is key to them being allowed to return The final option is a workplace situation where a live-in employment opportunity is offered In the past, success was often judged based on whether a person was reintegrated back into their family But if the family was involved in the trafficking process, this could result in the person being exploited again Some victims decide not to go home because they fear the stigma associated with their experience or feeling of shame due to having failed to have achieved their goals (i.e. supporting their family with money)

27. First, a person achieves an amount of agency that is comparative to those who are not in a trafficking episode In this case.. AGENCY = Control over life options So what do we mean by this term agency in this context? So what is successful reintegration?

28. FULL AGENCY NO AGENCY DURING TRAFFICKING EVENT AFTER TRAFFICKING EVENT “AGENCY RANGE” OF A PERSON NOT IN A TRAFFICKING HARM Trafficked Person Ordinary Person Lets begin with an ordinary person who has not been trafficked Now lets look at the difference one would see with a trafficked person Successful reintegration occurs after a trafficking event, when the person has comparative control over his/her life choices During a trafficking event, the person has very little control over his/her life Note that this person has the ability to make choices and determine the general direction of his/her life

29. What does this mean? 1) Successful reintegration occurs when a person achieves an amount of agency (choice over life options) that is comparative to those who are not in a trafficking episode

30. 2) The person’s needs/motivations to migrate do not force him/her to return to a situation where they are vulnerable to be re-trafficked In other words, if the person has not sorted out the needs/motivations that got him/her into trouble in the first place, he/she will continue to be vulnerable to being re-trafficked/re-exploited What is successful reintegration?

31. Resilience and Empowerment Decision-making power Access to information and resources A range of options from which to make choices Understanding one’s rights Effecting change in one's life and one's community Learning skills that one defines as important Trust in one’s competency and capacity Increasing positive self-image and overcoming stigma But having “agency” and “not re- migrating out of desperation” must also be complimented with something else -- resilience and empowerment. These factors represent a positive and healthy aspect to the recovery process. Empowerment include the following……

32. It is important to remember A person’s trafficking experience does not end once he/she leaves the slave-like condition This ensures that all of the needs of the trafficked person are taken into consideration as part of the protection process

33. If you have any questions, please forward them to Matthew Friedman – UNIAP, Bangkok, Thailand matt.friedman@one.un.org or our website www.no-trafficking.org matt.friedman@one.un.org www.no-trafficking.org