1. DYNAMICS OF WATER CAVITY GENERATION BY PROJECTILES AND EXPLOSIONS LA-UR-02-832 Charles L. Mader Michael Gittings

2. Water Wave Amplitude as Function of HE Charge Depth Upper Critical Lower Critical

3. PHERMEX Radiographs of a One Inch Dia PBX-9404 Sphere Center Initiated Detonated Half Submerged in Water 15 microsec 25 microsec 60 microsec STATIC WATER AIR HE

4. Movie available on NMWW DVD

8. 1.0 atms Air Pressure

10. 130 mm Air Pressure

12. 16 mm Air Pressure

14. 1 atms Air Pressure

16. 16 mm Air Pressure

17. Kendriskii Exploding Bridge Wire Experiments in One Atmosphere Air.

18. Exploding Bridgewire at 1.0 atms

19. Kendriskii Exploding Bridge Wire Experiments in ~0.2 Atmosphere Air.

20. Exploding Bridgewire at 0.2 atms

22. CRESTONE NOBEL CODE AMR EULERIAN REACTIVE HYDRODYNAMICS

23. 0.25 cm dia PBX-9404 sphere Detonated Half Submerged in Water in One Atmosphere Air. in Water in One Atmosphere Air. | 100 cm | 0 sec 25 millisec 75 millisec 275 millisec

24. 0.25 cm dia Al sphere colliding with water at 2 km/sec in 0.1 Atmosphere 0 sec 5 millisec 20 millisec 50 millisec | 100 cm |

25. 0.25 cm dia Al sphere colliding with water at 2 km/sec in 5 Atmosphere Air in 5 Atmosphere Air 0 sec 5 millisec 15 millisec 30 millisec 70 millisec | 100 cm |

26. 0.25 cm dia Al sphere colliding with water at 2 km/sec In 1 Atmosphere Air 0 sec 25 millisec 75 millisec 125 millisec | 100 cm |

27. The difference in pressure outside the ejecta plume above the water cavity and the decreasing pressure inside the water plume as it expands results in the ejecta plume converging and colliding at the axis forming a jet above and back into the bubble cavity which penetrates bottom of the cavity and forms the stem observed experimentally.

28. As the atmospheric pressure is reduced the pressure inside the expanding cavity is never less than the pressure outside the ejecta plume. No jet or stem is generated while the cavity is expanding. As the atmospheric pressure is reduced the pressure inside the expanding cavity is never less than the pressure outside the ejecta plume. No jet or stem is generated while the cavity is expanding.

29. Summary The Nobel Code can describe the experimental observed features of Projectile and Explosion interaction with the Ocean and the resulting generation of Tsunami Waves

30. DYNAMICS OF WATER CAVITY GENERATION Charles L. Mader, Michael L. Gittings Science of Tsunami Hazards Vol 21, pages 91-118(2003)

31. TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS OF ASTEROID OCEAN IMPACT Galen Gisler, Robert Weaver, Charles Mader, Michael Gittings Science of Tsunami Hazards Vol 21, pages 119-134(2003)