1. Energy Challenges Dr. Robert MacKay

2. Outline

3. Natural and Anthropogenic Climate Forcing

4. http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/

5. Vostok Ice Core data

10. http://www.atmosedu.com/physlets/GlobalPollution/carbon_dioxideCLEANStudent.htm

11. http://cs.clark.edu/~mac/physlets/GlobalPollution/carbon_dioxide.htm

12. Because of long time delays for the carbon cycle, drastically different scenarios yield very similar results for a 20 year time horizon, but drastically different result for a 50 to 100 year time horizon. http://www.atmosedu.com/physlets/GlobalPollution/carbon_dioxideCLEANStudent.htm

13. Turning off all emissions (very unrealistic) will still leave atmospheric CO2 Levels at 350 ppm in the year 2110.

14. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10507-carbon-emissions-rising- faster-than-ever.html

16. Global per capita emission have held steady for past 30 to 40 years. For the past 30 to 35 years emissions have been closely linked to population.

17. Global carbon emissions steady for first time since 1992 Drop in rich countries' emissions caused by recession in 2009 was nullified by steep increases from China and India http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jul/01/emissions-recession

18. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/emissions.html

19. 495 x10 15 BTU x 1054 Joule/BTU=5.11x10 20 J = 511 ExoJoules Average Power consumption in Watts = Yearly used/ (# of seconds in Year) Average 2007 Power Consumption =5.11x10 20 J/3.15 x10 7 s=16 TerraWatts

20. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

21. How much non-Fossil Fuel energy must be created in the next 25 years?

23. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm US Carbon emissions through 2008

24. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm Chinas carbon emission through 2008

25. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm Indias carbon emission through 2004

26. 2008 emission comparison per country Us, China and India account for 48 % of world wide emissions

27. 2008 emission comparison per country Top 10 countries account for 67% of global emissions. However all other countries contribute significantly

28. World Population http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-57/iss-7/p47.html

29. UNEP mid level projections

31. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/feature_articles/2004/worldoilsupply/oilsupply04.html

32. Fossil Fuel Reserves Oil http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-57/iss-7/p47.html

33. Fossil Fuel Reserves Natural Gas http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-57/iss-7/p47.html

34. Fossil Fuel Reserves coal http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-57/iss-7/p47.html

35. Fossil Fuel Reserves ~40 yrs Oil ~80 yrs Natural gas ~200 years coal

37. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Energy_consumption.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Energy_consumption.png (BP)

38. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption In 2005 85% of all energy worldwide came from fossil fuels

39. Wind energy generation is growing at about 30% per year

40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption

41. From The Technology Path to Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cuts by 2050: The Pivotal Role of Electricity Science Vol 335, 6 January 2012.

43. Artificial leaves CCS (Carbon capture and storage) http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/big-idea/13/carbon-capture-pg2 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/08/110811-quest-to-capture-carbon-dioxide/

44. Artificial Leaves http://www.sciencefriday.com/blog/2011/0 5/faux-tosynthesis-clean-energy-of- tomorrow/http://www.sciencefriday.com/blog/2011/0 5/faux-tosynthesis-clean-energy-of- tomorrow/

45. http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/energyfutureslab/research/grandchallenges/artificialleaf