1. Copyright 2007-12 1 Roger Clarke Xamax Consultancy, Canberra Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSW and in Computer Science, ANU Chair, Australian Privacy Foundation http://www.anu.edu.au/Roger.Clarke/......../DV/MSR {.html,.ppt} Surveillance Conference – Uni Sydney – 20 February 2012 Surveillance by the Media – and Its Regulation

2. Copyright 2007-12 2 Surveillance by the Media – and Its Regulation AGENDA Media Surveillance Practices Empirical Analytical Regulation of Media Surveillance Contemporary Prospective

3. Copyright 2007-12 3 Kidman – January 2005

4. Copyright 2007-12 4 Kidman – January 2005 Stake-out, listening device, still-image photography, car pursuit, AVOs granted

5. Copyright 2007-12 5 Falzon & Williams – April 2007 Visual recording, non-public place, covert, unconsented, unofficial media

6. Copyright 2007-12 6 Elliott – May 2008 Visual recording, public place, vulnerable person, overt, persistent, consent denied

7. Copyright 2007-12 7 Elliott – At the Inquest

8. Copyright 2007-12 8 14yo Girl – July 2009 Coercion, vulnerable person, live-to-air

9. Copyright 2007-12 9 Campbell – May 2010 Stake-out, covert, visual recording, unconsented, no public interest

10. Copyright 2007-12 10 Campbell – May 2010

11. Copyright 2007-12 11 Madaleine Pulver – Aug-Nov 2011 Stake-out, visual recording, persistent, overt, consent denied

12. Copyright 2007-12 12 Madaleine Pulver – Aug-Nov 2011 Persistent, pursuit

13. Copyright 2007-12 13 Madaleine Pulver – Aug-Nov 2011 Stake-out, visual recording, presistent, overt, consent denied, pursuit

14. Copyright 2007-12 14 14yo Boy in Bali – October 2011 Stake-out, visual recording, consent denied, persistent, culturally risky

15. Copyright 2007-12 15 14yo Boy in Bali – October 2011

16. Copyright 2007-12 16 Forms of Surveillance 1.Physical Surveillance 2.Communications Surveillance 3.Dataveillance 4.Location and Tracking Surveillance 5.Body Surveillance ['Überveillance' Type 1] 6.Omnipresent and/or Omniscient Surveillance ['Überveillance' Type 2]

17. Copyright 2007-12 17 Dimensions of Surveillance 1.Of What? 2.For Whom? 3.By Whom? 4.Why? 5.How? 6.Where? 7.When?

18. Copyright 2007-12 18 Forms of Media Surveillance 1.Physical Surveillance Unaided watching and listening with eyes and ears Aids, incl. telescopic lenses, directional microphones, recording devices, triggering devices 2.Comms Surveillance Unauthorised access to voicemails /'mailbox hacking'), telephone, email or chat/IM traffic 3.Dataveillance Acquired login/passwd pairs Hacking Social Eng'g – pretexting / blagging, masquerade 4.Loc, Track Surveillance Stake-out, pursuit,... More sophisticated tools 5.Body Surveillance 6.Omnipresent and/or Omniscient Surveillance

19. Copyright 2007-12 19 Contemporary Regulation of Media Surveillance Tort Interference with Real Estate (Trespass, Nuisance) Interference with the Person (Trespass, Obstruction, False Imprisonment, Assault, AVOs / PSIOs) Interference with Emotional State (Stalking, Negligence) Deceitful Behaviour (Misrepresentation, Deceit, Passing-Off) Surveillance Statutes Telecomms (postal, TIAA, computer offences) Aural/Visual Surv Devices (Clth, State, Territory) Pornography, Anti-Voyeurism Other Statutes (Copyright, Trademarks, Media Law, Human Rights, Privacy) Media Codes (APC, ACMA) Direct Action (protecting the public, and the media)

20. Copyright 2007-12 20 The Regulation of Surveillance – General Principles 1.Justification 2.Proportionality 3.Openness 4.Access Security 5.Controlled Use 6.Controlled Disclosure 7.Controlled Publication 8.Non-Retention and Rapid Destruction 9.Review 10.Withdrawal

21. Copyright 2007-12 21 Media Use of Surveillance – Specific Principle DO NOT, unless a clear justification exists: seek or gather personal data observe or record personal behaviour Base justification only on: consent by the person to whom the data relates express legal authority; or an over-riding public interest The nature of the activities, and their degree of intrusiveness: must reflect the nature and extent of any consent provided must reflect the nature and extent of any express legal authority; and must be proportionate to the nature and significance of the public interest arising in the particular circumstances

22. Copyright 2007-12 22 The Public Interest Relevance to: the performance of: a public office a significant corporate or civil society function the credibility of public statements ('hypocrisy') arguably illegal, immoral or seriously anti-social behaviour public health or safety a significant event

23. Copyright 2007-12 23 Media Use of Surveillance – Controlled Activities 1.activities that intrude into the person's private space 2.activities that intrude into the person's reasonable expectations, even though they are in a public space 3.deceit, such as: masquerade misrepresentation or subterfuge pretexting / blagging, masquerade unexpected observation or recording 4.exploitation of vulnerability, naiveté or ignorance, esp. children, limited mental capacity, etc. 5.intrusions into private space of people in sensitive situations 6.coercion, incl. implication of a legal or moral obligation, intimidation, excessive persistence 7.perceived trespass, nuisance, obstruction, pursuit, harassment or stalking

24. Copyright 2007-12 24 Roger Clarke Xamax Consultancy, Canberra Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSW and in Computer Science, ANU Chair, Australian Privacy Foundation http://www.anu.edu.au/Roger.Clarke/......../DV/MSR {.html,.ppt} Surveillance Conference – Uni Sydney – 20 February 2012 Surveillance by the Media – and Its Regulation