1. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-1 ECEG105/ECEU646 Optics for Engine6ers Course Notes Part 1: Introduction Prof. Charles A. DiMarzio Northeastern University Fall 2008 Sep 2008

2. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-2 Lecture 1 Overview Administrivia –Course Layout –Grading –Syllabus Introduction –Why Optics? –A bit of history –Our Approach

3. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-3 Why Optics? Absorption Spectrum of the Atmosphere Absorption Spectrum of Liquid Water Index of Refraction 1nm 1m1m 1m1m 1mm1m 1km 1nm 1m1m 1m1km1mm from Jackson Sep 2008

4. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-4 Earthlight

5. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-5 A Bit of History 1900180017001600200010000-1000 “...and the foot of it of brass, of the lookingglasses of the women assembling,” (Exodus 38:8) Rectilinear Propagation (Euclid) Shortest Path (Almost Right!) (Hero of Alexandria) Plane of Incidence Curved Mirrors (Al Hazen) Empirical Law of Refraction (Snell) Light as Pressure Wave (Descartes) Law of Least Time (Fermat) v<c, & Two Kinds of Light (Huygens) Corpuscles, Ether (Newton) Wave Theory (Longitudinal) (Fresnel) Transverse Wave, Polarization Interference (Young) Light & Magnetism (Faraday) EM Theory (Maxwell) Rejectionof Ether, Early QM (Poincare, Einstein) Sep 2008 http://www.sff.net/people/Jeff.Hecht/chron.htmlhttp://members.aol.com/WSRNet/D1/hist.htm

6. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-6 More Recent History 2000199019801970196019501940193019201910 Laser (Maiman) Quantum Mechanics Optical Fiber (Lamm) SM Fiber (Hicks) HeNe (Javan) http://www.sff.net/people/Jeff.Hecht/chron.html Polaroid Sheets (Land) Phase Contrast (Zernicke) Holography (Gabor) Optical Maser (Schalow, Townes) GaAs (4 Groups) CO 2 (Patel) FEL (Madey) Hubble Telescope http://members.aol.com/WSRNet/D1/hist.htm Speed/Light (Michaelson) Spont. Emission (Einstein) Many New Lasers Erbium Fiber Amp Commercial Fiber Link (Chicago) Sep 2008

7. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-7 The First Laser? Malibu, 1960 The First Laser News Photo of the First Laser ? "Laser, inter eximia naturae dona numeratum plurimis compositionibus inseritur*" "The laser is numbered among the most miraculous gifts of nature and lends itself to a variety of applications." Pliny, Natural History XXII, 49 Jan 2005

8. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-8 Some Everyday Applications Illumination Signaling Cameras; Film and Electronic Bar-Code Reader Surveying and Rangefinding Microscopy Astronomy

9. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-9 My Research Interests Biological and Medical Imaging –Multi-Modal Microscopy –Acousto-Photonic Imaging (DOT and Ultrasound) –Optical Quadrature Microscopy Landmine Detection –Laser-Induced Acoustic Mine Detection –Microwave-Enhanced Infrared Thermography Environmental Sensing –Optical Magnetic Field Sensor –Underwater Imaging with a Laser Line Scanner –Hyperspectral Imaging Laboratory Experiments Jul 2007

10. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-10 Some Other Applications (1) Communication –Lasers and Fast Modulation –Fibers for Propagation –Fast Detectors –Dense Wavelength Diversity Multiplexing –Free-Space Propagation (Not Much) Optical Disk Memory –Lasers, Detectors –Diffraction Limited Optics

11. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-11 Some Other Applications (2) Photo Lithography for Integrated Circuits –Short Wavelength Sources –Diffraction Limited Optics Adaptive Optical Imaging –Non-Linear Materials or Mechanical Actuators Velocimetry and Vibrometry –Coherent Detection, Coherent Sources

12. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-12 Some Other Applications (3) Hyperspectral Imaging –Dispersive Elements –Large Detector Arrays –Fast Processing Medical Treatment –Delivery –Dosimetry

13. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-13 Some Recent Advances Laser Tweezers Optical Cooling Squeezed States Entangled-States Fiber-Based Sensors Optical Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

14. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-14 Some Everyday Concepts (1) Specular and Diffuse Reflection Refraction and Transmission Specular DiffuseRetro Dec 2004

15. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-15 Example Interactions Slab Transmission Slab Absorption and Scattering Mostly Diffuse Reflection Specular with some Diffuse Reflection Dec 2004

16. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-16 Some Everyday Concepts (2) Imaging Wavefronts Rays The Observer Object Image Object Image Sep 2007

17. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-17 Imaging Jul 2007 Sep 2007 Near Card Demonstrates Camera is Focused Closer than Lens

18. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-18 High-School Optics F F’ Object Image Stopped Here 4 Jan 05

19. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-19 Our Approach Maxwell’s Equations Wave Equation Scalar Wave Equation Geometric Optics Polarization Interference Diffraction Radiometry stopped 12 Sep 03

20. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-20 Maxwell’s Equations Jul 2007

21. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-21 Maxwell’s Equations Source-Free Region –No  or J Isotropic Medium –E Parallel to D Harmonic Functions –No Nonlinear Effects

22. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-22 Getting to the Wave Equation HB E D Almost everything interesting is here

23. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-23 The Goodies are in Epsilon HB ED HB ED More on this later in the course.

24. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-24 The General Problem Goals –Solve Maxwell’s Equations –Satisfy Boundary Conditions Approaches –Special Cases (eg. Plane, Spherical, etc.) –Approximations Circuit Theory (  >>D) Wave Theory (  D) Geometric Optics (  <<D)

25. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-25 Steps to Geometric Optics Maxwell’s Equations Vector Wave Equation Scalar Wave Equation General Wave Solution Eikonel Equation (zero-wavelength approximation)

26. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-26 Vector Wave Equation Jan 2005 H B ED Sep 2007 1 2 3 4

27. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-27 Scalar Wave Equation H B ED Linear, Isotropic Medium 1 2 3 4 (Two States of Polarization) Sep 2007

28. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-28 Eikonel Equation (1)

29. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-29 Eikonel Equation (2) 0 22 

30. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-30 Eikonel Equation (3) L(r)=Constant Defines Wavefronts –Thus, Wavefronts Are Perpendicular to Rays Define Optical Path Length –Compare Travel Time to Light in Vacuum n1n1 n2n2 n3n3 n5n5 n4n4

31. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-31 Plane Waves Scalar Wave Equation General Solution Plane-Wave Solution Plane-Wave in z Direction Dec 2004

32. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-32 Optical Path Concept Not to Be Confused with Image Location Physical Distance Image Distance OPL

33. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-33 Fermat’s Principle Where Does Ray Go? –Minimize Optical Path Imaging: –Many Minimal Paths

34. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-34 Jan 2005

35. July 2003+ © Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 11270-01a-35 Dec 2004 Stopped Here Thu 6 Jan 05