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The Back and Material Handling Issues
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The Spinal Column Cervical Thoracic Lumbar
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The Basic Structure
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Epidemiology of Back Injuries
Short Term or acute effects: Sharp Surfaces Dropped Material Struck-by Moving Materials Mechanical Stress Slips and Falls “Simpler” Cause and effect relationship
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Epidemiology Chronic or Long Term Effects Back Ache or Pain
Disc Degeneration Cause and effect not as simple, more difficult to analyze
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Return to Work Out more than 6 months only 50% chance of returning
One year only 25% Management and Practitioner Training One study showed that claims dropped from 200K to 20K per year by providing modified work and conservative treat
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Material Handling Lifting/Lowering Pushing/Pulling Carrying
Weights and Forces Frequency of Activities Load Center of Gravity
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Material Handling
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Job Risk Factors Weight of the Object
Location (position of load w.r.t. worker) Frequency of Lifts Stability of the Load Hand Coupling Workplace Geometry Twisting/Stooping Environmental Factors
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Personal Risk Factors Gender Age Anthropometry Lift technique Attitude
Strength Training
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Examples of Manual Handling Controls
Avoid extreme range of motion when lifting Redesign work station/work area to allow freedom of movement Provide handles on material handling equipment Provide lift-assist devices and tables Unit Load Concept
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Job Design Can reduce one-third of compensable LBP
Minimize reach and lift distances Keep off floor Work station design Frequency Relax time standard Rotation Work-Rest allowances
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Job Design Minimize Weight Mechanical aids Carton capacity
Balance contents Convert Carry to push/pull Push over pull Use large wheels
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Training Focus on awareness and avoidance
Get object as close to body as possible Planning Use of handling aids Back Schools Strength and fitness important
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NIOSH Lifting Equation 1991 Version
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NIOSH Lifting Equation
Objective: Reduce occurrence of lifting-related LBP 1981 and 1991 equations 1981 limited to sagittal plane 1991 includes asymmetry and coupling
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Disqualifiers for Use One handed lifts More than 8 hours
Seated or kneeling Restricted work space Unstable Objects Carrying, pushing or pulling while lifting Wheelbarrows or shovels High speed motion Unreasonable foot/floor coupling Unfavorable environment
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Definition of Terms RWL = Recommended weight limit LC = Load constant
HM = Horizontal multiplier VM = Vertical multiplier DM = Distance multiplier AM = Asymmetric multiplier FM = Frequency multiplier CM = Coupling multiplier
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RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM
1991 Equation RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM
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1991 Guide Compare RWL to Actual Load (L)
If Greater than or equal to 1 problem
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Lifting Index L RWL
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1991 Multipliers LC = 51 Pounds HM = 10/H VM = 1-.0075 x / V-30/
DM = (1.8/D) AM = 1 – (.0032 x A) FM go to Table CM go to Table
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NIOSH Worksheet
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Lifting Example
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NIOSH Workshop
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NIOSH Workshop Start of Lift End of Lift
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NIOSH 1991 Lifting Calculator
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WISHA Calculator for Analyzing Lifting Operations
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WISHA Workshop
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WISHA If the job is a hazard Reduce weight of load
Increase weight of load so that it requires mechanical assist Reduce the capacity of the container Etc.
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References Applications guide for the revised NIOSH lifting equation – On CD Elements of Ergonomic Programs – On CD Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors – On CD Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting NIOSH References continue on next slide
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