1. Organic Chemistry: Nucleic Acids

2. Review of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Definition: Definition: –Contains CARBON (C) CARBON (C) –Can also contain HYDROGEN (H) AND OXYGEN (O) HYDROGEN (H) AND OXYGEN (O) –Living things can add NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, SULFUR AND OTHER SUBSTANCES NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, SULFUR AND OTHER SUBSTANCES –Create Macromolecule: built from smaller organic compounds. built from smaller organic compounds.

3. Organic Chemistry 4 kinds of Organic Macromolecules 4 kinds of Organic Macromolecules 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS Named for where they were first found: Named for where they were first found:  The Nucleus  The Nucleus Three types that we will be studying Three types that we will be studying 1.DNA (Deoxyribnucleic Acid) 2.RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) 3.ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

5. NUCLEIC ACIDS Contain the elements: Contain the elements: Carbon Carbon Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Oxygen Nitrogen Nitrogen Phosphorous Phosphorous

6. Structure of Nucleic Acids: Definition: Definition: –small, repeating chain of nucleotides. Nucleotide: Nucleotide: * 5 carbon sugar * phosphate * nitrogenous base

7. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Stores hereditary information in the cell that directs the cell’s activities Stores hereditary information in the cell that directs the cell’s activities and determines a cell’s and determines a cell’s characteristics. characteristics. Supercoiled into Supercoiled intochromosomes –DNA makes up GENES

8. DNA Nucleotide 3 separate components

9. DNA Nucleotide Structure: component #1 1. 5 carbon sugar “Deoxyribose” –“de” means without… With one fewer oxygen than ribose sugar With one fewer oxygen than ribose sugar

10. DNA Nucleotide Structure: component #2 Phosphate PO 4 3- PO 4 3- Carries a negative charge. Carries a negative charge.

11. DNA Nucleotide Structure: component #3 Nitrogenous Base 2 possible types 2 possible types –Purines: Adenine and Guanine Adenine and Guanine Double ringed Double ringed –Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine Thymine and Cytosine Single ringed Single ringed DNA does not contain Uracil DNA does not contain Uracil X

12. DNA Nucleotide Sugar Phosphate Base

13. 3-D Structure of DNA The nucleotides are connected together into two long chains hooked together in the middle to create a ladder. The nucleotides are connected together into two long chains hooked together in the middle to create a ladder. Double Stranded Double Stranded –Sides: alternating sugar and phosphate units –Rungs: Purine and pyrimidine held together by hydrogen bond.

14. Complementary bonding between the bases in the rungs weak hydrogen bonds weak hydrogen bonds –Purine=Pyrimidine –*Adenine= Thymine A-T –*Guanine= Cytosine G-C

15. 3-D Structure of DNA Double Stranded + Double Stranded +Twisted  DOUBLE HELIX: “Spiral Staircase” “Twisted Ladder”

16. 3-D Structure of DNA The sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other strand…”complementary.” Ex. TCGAACT on one strand dictates that the other strand will beTCGAACT on one strand dictates that the other strand will be  AGCTTGA

17. Nucleic Acids We will cover RNA later and we have already studied ATP We will cover RNA later and we have already studied ATP

18. So What is ATP = A denosine TriPhosphate Energy Currency of the Cell Cells require a molecule that stores smaller quantities of energy to be used in individual reactions (of metabolism) Cells require a molecule that stores smaller quantities of energy to be used in individual reactions (of metabolism) And can be used over and over again. And can be used over and over again. This molecule acts as the short-term energy currency of the cell. This molecule acts as the short-term energy currency of the cell.

19. ATP Nucleotide 3 separate components

20. ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate: Consists of Nitrogenous Base: Adenine Sugar: Ribose  (these 2 molecules make up “Adenosine”) 3 Phosphate groups

21. ATP Nucleotide Structure: component #1 Nitrogenous Base Adenine Adenine

22. ATP Nucleotide Structure: component #2 1. 5 carbon sugar: Ribose

23. ATP Nucleotide Structure: component #3 3 Phosphates PO 4 3- PO 4 3- Carries a negative charge. Carries a negative charge.

24. ATP Nucleotide Sugar 3 Phosphates Base

25. The bond linking the last two phosphates onto the first are high- energy bonds…very, very UNSTABLE! These bonds are broken by hydrolysis High energy because large amounts are given off when they are broken off This is where the energy from the bonds in glucose are stored during cellular respiration.

26. ATP + H2O  ADP + P + energy ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate) As the ATP breaks down by losing a phosphate, the energy released is used for other reactions in the cell that require energy (metabolism!). The bond that is broken is the high energy bond between the last two phosphates.

27. To go from ADP back ATP phosphate (found in the cytoplasm) is joined to the ADP. This is done through…  RESPIRATION : When energy is released from the bonds of glucose as it is broken down.

28. ATP is the Product of Cellular Respiration!!!!  As glucose is broken down :  energy is released from the bonds of the glucose and  becomes part of the bond between.  the 2nd and 3rd phosphates.