2. Solubility:  Solubility is a characteristic physical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution

3. Solute:  Any substance that is dissolved in a liquid or gas substance (solvent) to create a solution Solvent:  A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution.

4. Solubility rules:  That simple rule is “like dissolves like” and it is based on the polarity of the systems i.e. polar molecules dissolve in polar solvents (e.g. water, alcohols)  and non-polar molecules in non-polar solvents (e.g. the hydrocarbon hexane). This is why ionic compounds like table salt (sodium chloride) or compounds like sugar, dissolve in water but not most organic solvents.  The polarity of organic molecules is determined by polar bonds1 due to the presence of electronegative atoms (e.g. N, O) in polar functional groups such as amines (-NH2) and alcohols (-OH )

5. Solubility rules:  As the percentage of the hydrocarbon portion increases, water solubility decreases and ether solubility increases.

6. Solubility rules:  Generally, solubility of a substance is inversely related to its melting point: high melting point –low solubility. Solubility of organic compound

7. Solubility rules:  In general, an increase in molecular weight leads to an increase in intermolecular forces in a solid and decreased solubility. Similarly, glucose vs. starch or cellulose, and amino acids vs. proteins

8. Solubility rules:  Compounds having a branched chain is more soluble than the corresponding straight-chain compound. Branching lowers intermolecular forces and decreases intermolecular attraction. Note: (Intermolecular Forces of Attraction - Forces of attraction that exist between molecules(

9. Solubility rules:  The position of the functional group in the carbon chain also affects solubility.

10. Solubility Classification: SolventSome solubility or complete miscibility Water alcohols, aliphatic amines, acids, esters, ketones, aldehydes, carbohydrates (typically only those with 4 carbons or fewer) Ether most organic molecules( alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, esters, lipids, phenols) 5% NaOH carboxylic acids and phenols 5% HCl Aromatic & aliphatic amines 5% NaHCO 3 carboxylic acids Conc.H 2 SO 4 alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters.

11. THE END