1. Media (2) Chapter 16 Xiao Huiyun December. 2005

2. Introduction The growth of mass circulation news-papers in Britain was a direct result of the process of industrialisation during the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 18th century, newspaper readership had been largely confined to the upper classes and wealthier sections of the middle class In the early years the newspaper industry was subject to a great deal of govern-mental control

3. Introduction However, in the years following the French Revolution (1789), a radical press developed in Britain, concerned to propagate ideas of social reform and social justice. The radical papers were developing at the same time as the Trade Unions, and were often used as their mouthpieces and as a means of political education.

4. National Newspapers The Guardian The Observer.co.uk The Independent The Times The Sunday Times Daily Telegraph Financial Times Daily Express Daily Mail Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror Daily Star News of The World The Sun The Guardian The Observer.co.uk The Independent The Times The Sunday Times Daily Telegraph Financial Times Daily Express Daily Mail Daily MirrorSunday Mirror Daily Star News of The World The Sun

5. Ownership– from Press Barons to Media Moghuls Private, not public, ownership The press in Britain, unlike broadcasting, has always been wholly privately owned and thus is a commercial enterprise rather than a public service. At the beginning of this century newspaper ownership was in the hands of powerful men, such as Lord Northcliffe, who were known as Press Barons. They were in the newspaper business both to make money and, to be influential.

6. Ownership– from Press Barons to Media Moghuls Commercial media ownership has increasingly tended towards concentration and conglomeration. News International (see p 259) is one example of a global multi - media conglomerate. Its owner, Rupert Murdoch, also has interests in computer software, energy and transport, as well as book publishing

7. How the Press is Funded The two main sources of revenue are : the cover price : the tabloids are cheaper but, because of their wider circulation, a larger percentage of their revenue comes from this source; advertising : this is the main source of revenue for most publications

8. The Code of Advertising Practice Advertising in the press has to conform to certain standards of the Code of Advertising Practice. The Code ’ s basic principles require adverts to be: legal, honest and truthful to observe a sense of responsibility to the consumer and society to conform to the principles of fair competition as generally accepted in business

9. Types of Newspapers -- Range There are 10 major national daily papers and 10 major Sunday papers, and about 2,000 smaller weekly papers. More national and regional daily newspapers are sold in Britain than in most other developed countries. Other examples are: Provincial Mornings, Local Evenings, Local weeklies, Political Press, Community Press, etc

10. Quality Press and Popular Press The two types of papers are different in cost, size, content, style and purpose. P260 Quality papers -- Telegraph, Independent, Guardian, The Times, Financial Times, Sunday Telegraph, Observer Popular papers --Sun, Mirror, Express, Mail, Star, News of the World, Sunday Mirror, Sunday Express, Mail on Sunday, Sunday People, News on Sunday

11. Quality Press and Popular Press The quality papers are serious, with long informative articles The popular papers are less serious, contain less news and have more human interest stories. The quality papers contain about 45 pages ), the quality papers (tabloids) about 60. Some of the quality papers have weekend magazine supplements, with special interest articles on food, travel and leisure activities Tabloids often contain national bingo games Some are also famous for their photographs of topless women

12. Who Reads What? Tabloid readers are usually from the middle or lower class, only slightly more male readers than female, clerical, skilled or unskilled workers, unemployed, old people and pensioners Quality paper readers are usually from the middle-class, professional and managerial jobs, more male readers than female, and more live in the South of England.

13. Circulation of some National Dailies

14. Influences on the Press The press differs from broadcasting in the following ways: It is a self-regulating industry with no governmental regulation. There is little regulation of content, within certain legal constraints (see below) There is no obligation to give a balanced account Nevertheless there are financial, professional and legal constraints operating upon the industry (see diagram, p262)

15. Influences on the Press There is complex involvement at all levels: Owners have financial control but also have other business interests. Advertisers have control of their bought space. Editors, appointed by owners, select stories and news Journalists find the stories and write the articles which are then subject to editorial review. Editors and journalists have to take account of the laws of libel. Newspapers do not want to alienate their readers.

16. Regulation of the Press the Press Complaints Commission -- made up of editors of newspapers and magazines and people outside the industry. It deals with complaints from the public about the contents and conduct of the newspapers and advises editors and journalists It has a code of practice agreed by editors concerning journalist’s behaviour, references to contentious issues such as race and religion and respect for privacy. Its aim is to try to guarantee accuracy and fairness of reporting.

17. The press, politics and bias The majority of the press in Britain shows a bias towards conservative values in general. Because it does not have to remain neutral on political issues it is easier to find evidence of political bias in newspapers than in broadcasting. the national newspapers are biased towards certain political views. The Daily Telegraph, the Sun, Daily Mail, and Daily Express usually more overtly support the Conservative Party; the Mirror and News on Sunday usually support the policies of the Labour Party. Other papers such as the Guardian, Independent and Today occupy a middle ground in the political spectrum.

18. Freedom of the press In a free press there often arises conflict between the principles of freedom of access to information and its publication in the interests of the public, and the degree of reasonable protection for the privacy of the individual or of the state. a) Privacy and the laws of libel the National Union of Journalists Code of Conduct ; libel laws, the Obscene Publications

19. Freedom of the press b) Freedom of information and national security Journalists in Britain often find that it is difficult to report on matters of state if the Government feels it would be against the ‘national interest’ The Freedom of Information Act 2000 The Official Secrets Act