1. The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century

4. Aspects of Life – to 1750 Little or no mention of progress Peasants worked like beasts Seldom enough food or warm clothes

5. Economy Begins to Expand “Springtime in Europe” Population increases Industry increases Colonial elites began to prosper Holland France ENGLAND!

6. Agriculture and the Land 1700… 80-90% worked in agriculture Less in Holland More in eastern Europe Output was low Low grain reserves Bad weather = bad harvests Soaring prices Famine foods

7. Why just enough food?… Follow the plowman and his wife. The Open Field system Peasants held open strips in the field outside the village Upper class owned land but did not usually farm. Soil would become exhausted Fields must be left fallow. The cycle was subject to tradition.

8. The Common Lands Pasture space for village animals Gleaning for grain … poor females

9. The Agricultural Revolution The Elimination of the Fallow Replace nitrogen Crop rotation Turnips Potatoes Experimentation

10. Multiple Effects More fodder for animals More animals better diets More animals more fertilizer

11. Enclosure Innovation meant the village had to agree Those who agreed enclosed their land Even to the end of the 18 th Century only Holland and England were using the system extensively

12. Low Countries and England Dutch…Large population and little land Dutch farmers had growing markets Foreign experts copied the Dutch

13. A Sobat - Sabateur

14. England Copied drainage techniques New lands were subject to modern techniques Turnip Townsend English Viscount 1710 Introduced turnips to England Agriculture becomes craze among aristocracy

15. Prince Charles Organic farming advocate

16. Jethro Tull Seed Drill Use horses not oxen

17. Plowman East and West Exploitation varied Nobles and the Church levied taxes East was worse than the west Serfs were tied to the land Peasants in parts of the west could own land Either way life was hard in the village

18. Selective Breeding The sport of kings The gentry’s interest in fast horses Cross over to livestock Stop the “haphazard union with nobody’s son with everybody’s daughter.”

19. The Cost of Enclosure Most land was enclosed by 1750 Most land was sold without conflict Acts of Parliament took place during the Napoleonic Wars 1830 enclosure was complete. Percent of landless laborers was not substantially greater

20. Tennant Farmers Well financed by large landowners Improved methods of production Actually increased employment

21. But… in England Created two distinct classes Large market oriented agricultural estates The landless rural proletariat Dependant on cash payments Not tied to the land

22. The Beginning of the Population Explosion People married young and had large families…. Maybe,(not) Population has continually grown… Not so Ok maybe in the 13 colonies ( lots of land and a high standard of living )

23. What killed the Most? Famine Disease War Spread disease Soldiers took food

24. The New Pattern of the 18 th Century 1750 population began to grow markedly Why? Maybe … more births Maybe… fewer deaths Maybe… different rats??? Maybe… inoculation Maybe… wars were nicer???

26. But… More people = less jobs Agriculture alone could not provide enough jobs The poor had to find other ways

27. The Cottage Industry Rural workers with no land Urban capitalists eager to pay lower wages Urban artisans lost control of industrial production(guilds) Outsource labor

29. Cottage Industry Protoindustrialization… is that a word? The putting-out system Merchant capitalists Rural worker

30. Worked Like This… And a lot of other ways too Merchants deliver material to cottage Workers would make product from material Merchant would then pick up product and take it to market

31. The Good and the Bad Available labor for low wages- Outsourcing! Merchants could change procedures Although guilds could maintain quality it discouraged new methods Goods that required little skill were well produced

32. The Textile Industry A family enterprise …everyone worked Loom causes imbalance… more spinners were needed to provide textile for weaver… older single women The bad Merchants accused workers of stealing Workers accused merchants of shorting them Labor was not supervised and it was disorganized.

33. Lack of Supervision Work in spurts Workers at the end of the week had to meet quota Low quality product Workers did not meet quota

34. And… believe it or not When times were good … excess income… the workers “loafed” Capitalist looked for a better way

35. Building the Atlantic Economy France Holland ENGLAND

36. Mercantilism and the Colonial Wars Mercantilism… favorable balance of trade… government helps English mercantilism Government should regulate to help private as well as state economic interests The Navigation Acts (1651) Gave British merchants a monopoly in the colonies Ended Dutch commerce in the colonies

37. Only France left…. OK Spain Too Previous conflicts over maritime dominance War of Spanish Succession: 1713 expanded English power in the New World War of Austrian Succession: 1748 little territory is exchanged The Seven Years War: 1763 Inconclusive in Europe the Brits defeat the French in the New World and give up major land holdings India was lost to the Brits

38. Land and Labor in British America In America, farmers could keep their land Free land and scarce labor = Need for slaves: Sugar Tobacco Indigo

39. Navigation Acts Britain was supplied by a wealthy colonial merchant class. Slaves made up 20% of population In the colonies white population grew tenfold from 1700-1775. Colonists enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world

40. The Growth of Foreign Trade Because of mercantilist policies, trade with Europe stagnated Colonies provided a market for manufactured goods 1750 Half of the nails made in England went to the colonies

41. The Atlantic Slave Trade Peak decade late 1780’s- late 1790’s about 80,000 a year Europeans used traditional African networks First peaceful mass movement in British history, primarily a women’s movement forced Parliament to abolish slavery in 1807… but not in British colonies

42. Revival in Colonial Latin America Spain recovers… Philip V grandson of Louis XIV Defend themselves from British attacks Received Louisiana from France Established missions in northern California: San Diego to San Francisco along the kings highway ( The El Camino Real )

43. Spanish Class System Spaniards… born in Spain Creoles… Spaniards born in America Received support from Spain “Hispanicized” Indians Debt peonage Mestizos... mix of Indians and Spanish Mulattoes… Mix of Africans Blacks

44. Adam Smith 1776 “The Wealth of Nations” Economic liberalism Disliked mercantilism Exclusive trading rights – bad Govt. monopolizing business-bad Tariffs decrease “natural” competitive markets The Invisible Hand People are interested in themselves This interested will create increased markets This pursuit will create a harmony

45. Liberalism – USA Constitution We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.