1. KASHMIR

2. HISTORY OF INDIA Known for valuable spices & cloth -Columbus’ destination England colonized it in 1850s -ruled it for 90 years

3. HISTORY OF INDIA England treated Indians as servants -held no power in own country Early 1900s, India began demanding independence

4. HISTORY OF INDIA & PAKISTAN England Granted India independence in 1947 -but Indian Muslims wanted to separate themselves from Indian Hindus England created a Muslim country out of India = Pakistan -each state in India had to choose; India or Pakistan

6. KASHMIR CONFLICT

7. KASHMIR State of Kashmir, 1947 -mainly Muslims, but had a Hindu leader Kashmir’s leader chose India -Pakistan invaded Kashmir & took control of part of it Two more wars since then -1965 & 1971 1998 -both became NUCLEAR!

9. WHY KASHMIR? Mainly Religious differences Also, Indus River begins in Kashmir -VITAL fresh water for Pakistan -control of water = control of life & death

10. KASHMIR ISLAMHINDUISMvs.

11. EFFECTS OF KASHMIRCONFLICT Millions killed in fighting Widespread poverty -$ spent on nuclear weapons, not on fixing the countries’ problems Constant fear of nuclear war

12. OVERPOPULATION India’s pop. = 1 billion -will be 1.5 billion in 2045 -will surpass China as most populated country -India is 1/3 the size of USA 42,000 babies born per day in India S. Asia = 22% of world’s pop., but only 3% of the world’s land

14. EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION Lack of Resources -not enough housing, food, clothing, land, fresh water, etc. Lack of jobs -poverty Lack of education -no hope for a job Lack of health care Inadequate sanitation -disease outbreaks

15. EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION To keep up, India will need to do the following every year : -build 127,000 new schools -hire 400,000 new teachers -build 2.5 million new homes -create 4 million new jobs -produce an additional 6 million tons of food

16. WHAT TO DO? India encourages smaller families -not working; girls still marry and have babies early, kids can beg for $ or work in the fields around age 3, high IMR Education is key -teach family planning, job skills, etc.

20. PUNISHMENTS for HAVING MORE THAN 1 CHILD IN CHINA Fines Husband is demoted / fired at work Forced abortions Forced sterilization House bulldozed Farm animals taken away

25. BENEFITS OF 1 CHILD POLICY Slower population growth Reduced strain on food and water supplies Less unemployment Healthier mothers and children Mothers can have a career

26. CHINA : POPULATION PYRAMID

27. DRAWBACKS OF 1 CHILD POLICY Rural families need more children for farm work Boys outnumber girls Shortage of wives Fewer children to care for older parents

28. One child policy changed January 2014 Implemented in 1980, couples will be able to have a second child if one parent is an only child. Previously both parents had to be only children, while rural couples have been allowed two children if the first-born is a girl.