1. Water in the news 30/3/09 25 million people in UK have less water available per household than in Spain.... Where is this likely to be in the UK? Why might this be the case?

2. UK rainfall

3. Water cycle key ideas The water cycle is the continuous movement of water between the sea, air and land. The amount of water varies around the water. People are trying to make sure that there is sufficient clean water around the world and that we can sustain it for future generations Too little water creates hazards such as drought. This has human and physical causes and effects. This hazard should be managed.

4. Sea Cloud Land Store Precipitation River Flow Drainage Evaporation Condensation Transpiration Basic water cycle

5. Surface Soil Rock Precipitation Input River Discharge Evaporation / Transpiration Output Surface run-off Throughflow Groundwater flow Infiltration Percolation Flow River/lake Soil moisture Groundwater Store Detailed Hydrological Cycle

6. Water is a resource Drainage basin uses 1.Farming 2.Water consumption 3.Transport (Rhine) 4.Settlement 5.Recreation (fishing) 6.Conservation (wildlife) 7.Afforestation (managed) Conflicts require management 1.Settlements increase flood risk 2.Farming pollutes (pesticides) 3.Settlements discharge waste 4.Irrigation reduces river levels downstream 5.Dams control water flow and 6.stop sediment flow People live in drainage basins and use water Demand for water is monitored and managed

7. Inputs and outputs are not distributed evenly Population is highest in South East England Highland in Western Britain Brings high levels of relief rainfall Much of the west of Britain is sparsely populated The east of England is in the rain shadow of the west and therefore gets less rain Some areas of the UK have a water surplus: they receive more rainfall than they use (Wales) Some areas of the UK have a water deficit: they use more water than they receive in rainfall (South East England)

8. Demand vs Supply Demand is increasing People are richer – consume more Baths used to be weekly and shared – showers and baths are more frequent Gardens, water features, swimming pools more common Old pipes leak Paradox of global warming (drier areas get drier whilst wetter areas get wetter) Supply can be increased Reservoirs Import water (national grid?) Desalination Invest in new pipes and more efficient treatment Demand can be reduced Educate the public Water meters Increase prices Hose pipe bans / restrictions Stand pipes

9. Surplus and deficits are greatest in LEDCs 1.In 1995 2 billion people had no clean water supply (40% world population) 2.80% of LEDC disease is linked to lack of water / dirty water / insects & parasites 3.Demand for water is increasing as populations grow and develop 4.Sanitation is limited to 40% of the world’s population – the rest do without 5.Paradox of global warming is greatest in warm climates 6.The UN estimates that by 2025 two thirds of the world population will not have access to reliable, clean water

10. There are solutions… 1.Smart irrigation that doesn’t waste water e.g.: sprays, drip-feeds, recycling… 2.Self-help schemes can help communities build simple wells, contour land and rivers, etc… 3.Concrete lining of wells can reduce water loss 4.Educate people about water management and sanitation

11. Water cycle - Knowledge Throughflow – water travels in the soil layer to the river / sea Evaporation – water turns into water vapour Condensation – water vapour turns into water Transpiration – evaporation from plants and trees Evapo-transpiration – evaporation from water sources and vegetation Water surplus – the amount of water received is greater than the need Water deficit – the amount of water received is less than the need Surface run off – water moving along the top of the land Groundwater flow – water moving in the rocks to the river / sea Store – where water is kept Flow – movement of water from one place to another Impermeable (permeable) – no water through (allows water through)

12. Aswan Dam – Water Management case study Case study of:-1) water management scheme (LEDC) 2) explain why scheme was necessary 3) describe the scheme 4) describe disadvantages + advantages of the scheme 5) describe how people altered the water cycle + impact on different groups of people Location of Aswan Dam

13. Aswan Dam – why was it needed 1)Flood control - to save: lives, homes and crops 2) irrigation – increase crop yield- 2 harvests per year 3) desert habitation - water for distant farms/settlements 4) HEP - new industries and jobs 5) transport - river navigable all year

14. Aswan Dam - effects :-) GOOD jobs created - fishing flood risk reduced increase wealth - crops cheaper electricity increase from 4-8% of land used for farming - increased yields :-( BAD Abu Simbel temple was moved silt build up -shallow lake less nutrients reach sea floodwater does not remove salt Need fertiliser in lower valley less fertile - silt trapped behind dam

15. Aswan Dam – groups of people Alter: 1) Reservoir - increase surface storage & evaporation. Decreased channel flow when high precipitation. 2) Water transfer - increased transpiration due to increase in vegetation, decreased surface run off. Impacts on Groups of people : 1) Alexandria fisherman - decrease in fish caught 2) Government official - increased tourism 3) Increased production of fertiliser - jobs 4) Abu Simel villagers - displaced

16. Small scale sustainable water management – c study South Africa – Roundabout water pump Most water is drawn from wells hard work for women and children. 1970s and 1980s used diesel pumps however service costs expensive so need appropriate technology Appropriate technology – a children’s roundabout that pumps water from boreholes. 52 roundabouts in informal settlements. Save work for mothers by children playing on roundabout! Roundabouts cost $ 5,000. Companies pay to advertise monthly on a billboard next to pump to cover cost, for example, Thabong nursery school in Davieton. These are sustainable because they improve quality of life and should have no long term negative impact on the environment.

17. UK drought - location Drought in the UK: an example of water shortage Example of:- Water shortage/drought Impact of weather and climate on human activity Water supply and demand problem Name and locate:- South East England summer 1995 experienced a drought

18. UK drought - impacts Describe how the water shortage affected the lives of people:- Drought is a hazard in populated areas when rainfall is considerably lower than the average amount that was planned for. In August 1995 the Thames Water Authority and Southern Water Authority had exceptionally lower than their average planned amount by 25%. The weather had been good and bad for farmers. The hot weather had helped cereal growers to an early harvest, while dairy farmers were already having to use their winter feed because of dry pastures. Households were having to be careful with their water consumption because of hosepipe bans and in the case of Eastbourne, standpipes had been installed in case of emergency. Supermarkets announced record sales of soft drinks, ice cream and barbecue food and equipment. While the South East England Tourist Board announced spending in Kent, Sussex and Surrey in July 1995 had been a record £1.5 billion benefiting shop, hotel and seaside stall owners amongst others.

19. UK drought - causes Explain what caused the shortage There was little rainfall and great heat due to an area of high pressure or anticyclone that had been over the UK for some time, for example, there was no rainfall in London between the 26th July and 27th August 1995. An anticyclone as it passes across the UK is relatively cool and heavy. It is this weight, which pushes down, ‘squeezing’ clouds away and giving clear skies. The uninterrupted clear skies beneath the high pressure, allow the sun to heat up the earth, warming the air above. As the anticyclone rotates clockwise, it draws in even hotter air from over continental Europe.

20. Water cycle exam practice - knowledge Answers

21. Water cycle - understanding Answer