1. The Industrial Revolution

2. What is the Industrial Revolution?
It is the shift from producing goods by hand to using machines to make goods
There was also a major change in agricultural production, too
Urban populations exploded as people moved from the countryside to the cities
Started in Great Britain, spread to other wealthy countries with colonies
Dramatically changed the way of life for Western Europe and the world

3. Daily Life Before the Revolution
Most of the population lived in country villages
People farmed their land using human and animal labor
They grew food on small plots to feed their families
Livestock grazed on common public lands
People produced goods in their homes and sold them to other villagers

4. What Was So Special About Great Britain?
England had large supplies of raw resources because of its colonies in the New World and Asia
It had a powerful navy that protected merchant ships and made trade safer
The government was stable and supported the growth of businesses
More people began investing in private businesses, allowing them to come up with new and better ways of making products

5. The Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain

6. The Open Field System Europeans used this system for centuries
All villagers worked together
All the land was shared out
Everyone helped each other
Everyone had a strip of land to grow food
For centuries enough food had been grown
ADVANTAGES

7. Disadvantages of the Old System
Field left fallow, less food produced
People have to walk over your strips to reach theirs
Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques
No hedges or fences
No proper drainage
Show picture first and ask for ideas about what the problem might be. Introduce and explain – encourage note taking at this stage in brief bullet points
Because land in different fields takes time to get to each field
Animals can trample crops and spread disease

8. Changes in Farming
Farmers improved animal breeding methods to produce healthier livestock
Scientific Revolution inspired farmers to breed better varieties of crops
Increased quality of people’s diet as well as England’s food supply
Population grew rapidly

9. Jethro Tull’s New Machine
Seed drill
Planted seeds in straight rows
More efficient planting method
Farmers used to scatter seeds by hand
Produced healthier crops, organized crop fields, and reduced a farmer’s workload

10. The Enclosure Movement
Wealthy landowners bought large fields that villagers had used for strip farming
They combined the small farms into large ones and enclosed them with fences
Larger farms were much more efficient; new farming methods were used, more food was grown and food supplies soared
Many poor farmers were forced off their land

11. The British Labor Force
England’s urban population was growing very fast for two reasons
Better food supply
Large number of farmers moved to the cities to find work
Most of the labor force could adapt easily to new working conditions and were willing to learn new job skills

12. Great Britain’s Natural Resources
Had vast supplies of raw resources that could be manufactured
There were large coal and iron deposits in northern G.B.
England had built thousands of miles of canals that could be used to transport goods around the country quickly

13. Investments in Industry
England was very prosperous and people had money to spend
Wealthy merchants and businessmen wanted to sell more products and increase trade
They paid people to find ways to produce more goods for less money at a faster rate

14. Industrialization
The Factory System

15. England’s Textile Production
A textile is woven cloth
People used to weave cloth in their homes
This was called a cottage industry
The Agricultural Revolution and an increase in trade with American colonies created larger supplies of cotton and wool
People in the textile business wanted a way to make more cloth to trade around the world
They began developing machines that sped up production

16. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
A device that removed seeds from raw cotton blossoms
People used to do this by hand
It cleaned cotton much faster than a person could
Made the American South the cotton producing center of the world
Caused an increase in slave labor and trade because more cotton needed to be grown and picked

17. The Spinning Jenny Created by James Hargreaves
Spun 8 times more cotton than a normal spinning wheel because it spun several threads at once
Unfortunately the thread was really thick and broke easily when woven

18. Richard Arkwright
Made the Spinning Frame, a machine that produced stronger, thinner thread for weaving
Used water power to run his machine
Opened a mill with several spinning frames to make a lot of thread at once; he created the first factory
Encouraged weavers to move close to his mill and work there
He is considered the father of the Industrial Revolution

19. The Flying Shuttle
A device created by John Kay that made weaving fabric easier
Weavers could now produce more cloth at a faster pace (faster than the spinning frames could produce the thread)
Weavers had to compete for the limited supply of thread

20. The Impact of One Device
The Flying Shuttle created a need for more thread
The need for more thread created a need for more cotton and wool
The need for more cotton created a need for more cotton plantations and slave labor
The need for more wool created a need for more sheep pastures
Wealthy landowners enclosed more strip farms and converted them to large sheep pastures, forcing farmers to move to the cities and search for jobs in factories

21. Edmund Cartwright
Saw an opportunity to get rich in the weaving industry
Invented the water powered loom
Could weave more cloth in one day than 200 people could by hand

22. Textile Factories
Were built to contain large machines that could not fit into a person’s home
Factories could house several machines and workers in one area
Early factories needed to be built by a water supply to power the machines

23. Powering the Industrial Revolution
Steam
Powering the Industrial Revolution

24. The Steam Engine Created by James Watt
Harnessed the force of steam to drive machines
Steam created far more power than water, so most factories converted their machines to run on steam
Steam-powered machines did not need to be located next to a large water source, but they did need a steady supply of coal

25. Steam-powered Transportation
Placed in trains and on ships
People could now transport raw materials and finished products faster than ever before
Sail ships and horse-drawn carriages became obsolete
Railroads were built across the country

26. The Impact of the Railways

27. Social & Economic Impact of the Railways
Newspapers could be sent from London all over the country.
Seaside towns developed; the railways made cheap day trips possible
People were able to travel greater distances for work and leisure
Turnpike Trusts, canals & stage coach companies could not compete & went bankrupt.
People became more interested in politics & this led to the growth of political parties
Social & Economic Impact of the Railways
Townspeople were able to receive meat, fish, milk and vegetables brought in while they were still fresh by the railways.
Railway engineering towns grew up
Mail delivery sped up
Industry grew, because the railways needed coal & iron; railways in turn allowed factories to transport their goods to markets.
Seafood
First Class Mail

28. How did railways create more jobs?
Goods can now be sold for less.
Railways make the moving of goods cheaper.
This is called the Cycle of Prosperity
More people can afford to buy these goods
More people with jobs means …
Businessmen employ more workers.
More goods are sold & so more need to be produced.

29. Who benefited from these new jobs?
                                      ?

30. Social Changes Travel times reduced dramatically
More people began travelling
A standard time was set for all of England (Greenwich Mean Time)

31. The Revolution Spreads
Great Britain tried hard to prevent other countries from industrializing, but it could not control all of the new ideas and technologies
Industrialization did not spread evenly across the globe; it only took hold in countries similar to Great Britain
They had to have natural resources, a large labor force, and money invested in industry

32. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
Production and trade increased dramatically, industrialized countries got rich while many colonies and non-industrialized countries did not
Competition between factories grew, spurring the invention of more machines
Pollution skyrocketed and cities became dirtier than ever before