1. Mentoring in Medicine Virtual Camp Final project 22 nd August, 2013 By Poojitha Kolluri

2.  Type 1  Excessively thirsty  Frequent urination  Type 2 – symptoms appear gradually  Mild thirst  Frequent urination  Mild fatigue  Blurred vision  Vaginal yeast infection

3.  Type 1  Autoimmune disease : Genetic factors cause the immune system to attack insulin producing cells of the pancreas.  Type 2  Insulin resistance : Body does not react to limitation or excess of insulin. Excess glucose in blood eventually damages pancreas.

4.  Type 1  Less commonly occurring than type 2  Type 2  About 90% of the people who have diabetes have type 2 diabetes.  Only two-thirds of the people with type 2 diabetes are receiving treatment because early symptoms are hard to notice.  Most commonly in people of First Nations descent, Hispanics, and North Americans of African descent.

5. Prevalence of Diabetes according to age group in the World  Under 20 years of age  0.26% of all people in this age group have diabetes  Age 20 years or older  11.3% of all people in this age group have diabetes  Age 65 years or older  26.9% of all people in this age group have diabetes  Men  11.8% of all men aged 20 years or older have diabetes  Women  10.8% of all women aged 20 years or older have diabetes

6.  Type 1 Diabetes  Family history  Genetics  Geography – Risk of type 1 diabetes increases as one moves away from the equator  Exposure to certain types of viruses – example: Epstein-Barr virus and coxsackievirus  Dietary factors  Type 2 Diabetes  40 years or older  Blood vessel diseases  First nation, Hispanic, South Asian or African Descent  High blood pressure and cholesterol  HIV infection  History of gestational diabetes  Mental health disorders

7.  Diagnosis of Diabetes is based on blood tests 1) Doctor may diagnose diabetes if the level of glucose in your blood after 8 hours of fasting is 7.0 mmol/L or higher. 2) A1C test (also called glycated hemoglobin) – calculates average blood glucose over the past 2 to 3 months. Doctor may diagnose diabetes is your blood sugar levels are 6.5% or greater. 3) Random blood glucose level – Randomly taken at any time of the day. Your doctor diagnoses diabetes if your blood levels are 11.1 mmol/L or higher.

8.  Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)- For this test, a person fasts and is then given a drink containing 75 g of carbohydrate.  The blood sugar levels are checked during fasting and 2 hours after consuming the solution. Your doctor may diagnose diabetes if your blood sugar is greater than 11.1 mmol/L after 2 hours.  A combination of tests along with symptoms are necessary for the doctor to confirm diabetes.

9.  Type 1  Need insulin continuously to survive  Type 2  make lifestyle changes ▪ diet and exercise  use medication  monitor blood glucose levels

10. 1) “Diabetes.” Body and Health. MediResource Inc. 21 August 2013. 2) “Diabetes.” MedlinePlus. 19 August 2013, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 21 August 2013. 3) “Diabetes basics.” American Diabetes Association. 20 August 2013. 21 August 2013..