1. Vocabulary

2. Principles  Wean learners off direct translation  Build networks of associations  Learn new words in context  Use pre, during, and post work to enhance knowledge  Focus on pronunciation (stress)  Conduct a variety of tasks to appeal to different learning styles  Need multiple exposures to words  Retrieve words from memory repeatedly  Use words to express personally relevant meanings

3. Techniques  Read and learn words in context (context clues)  Word or topic webs – mind maps/clustering (e.g. travel)  Associations (e.g. big)  Categories (e.g. food)  Rank and sequence (e.g. small > medium > large)  Flashcards (www.eslflashcards.com)  Games (e.g. Scattergories)  Illustrations, pictures, realia (e.g. durian)  Collocations/Chunks (e.g. take a look)  Grammatical classifications – parts of speech (i.e. nouns, verbs...)  Prefixes, root words suffixes (e.g. anti-bio-tic)  Synonyms and antonyms (e.g. beautiful/pretty; beautiful/ugly)  Personal connection (i.e. how the word relates to your life)  Use the word in a sentence (i.e. use in a personally meaningful way)  Draw a picture  Journal (e.g. Luminous Vocabulary)  Mnemonic devices (e.g. egregious > egg-reach-us)  Use a dictionary and/or thesaurus (www.dictionary.com)

4. Lexical games  Memory Madness  Scattergories  Categories  Taboo  Word Hunt  Mad Libs