1. Unit 4 The French Revolution and Napoleon

2. Causes of the French Revolution

3. Political Causes King was divine right monarch People were denied voice in government Louis XVI—incompetent Dull mind No leadership qualities Marie Antoinette—unpopular Austrian Hapsburg Vain, frivolous person

4. Social Causes- 3 Estates First Clergy 1.5% Second Nobility 1.5% Third Bourgeoisie –Merchants –Bankers –Attorneys City workers Peasants 97%

5. Social Causes- 1 st & 2 nd Estates Owned most land Collected feudal dues (banalites) Were exempt from most taxes Held best government/military jobs Received special legal treatment Did include some poor parish priests

6. Social Causes— 3 rd Estate (Bourgeoisie) Most powerful group on continent Wealthy and well-educated Resented arrogance of nobles Wanted role in shaping governmental policies Wanted to end mercantilism, preferring laissez- faire Ideas presented by economist Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776)

7. Social Causes- 3 rd Estate Third Estate (whether bourgeoisie or peasants) was unprivileged class

8. Economic Causes— Spending Louis XVI Spent heavily to aid American colonists against Britain Maintained lavish court at Versailles Refused to tax privileged classes

9. Economic Causes-Taxes Bourgeoisie Provincial tariffs on trade Guild restrictions on manufacturing Government mercantilistic regulations Peasants ½ of income=taxes To government Taille (land tax) Corvee (forced labor) Gabelle (tax on salt purchases) To Church--tithe To lords—banalites

10. Economic Causes— Ignored Advice He ignored economic advice to: End court extravagances Tax the nobility Louis heeded his nobles and dismissed economic advisors

11. Ideological Causes— French Philosophes Challenged traditional thinking and institutions Vision

12. Ideological Causes— Other “Revolutions” England--Puritan Revolution and Glorious Revolution Geographically close English took refuge in France French philosophes praised English parliamentary government

13. Ideological Causes— Other “Revolutions” American “Revolution” Lafayette and other French involved Franklin and Jefferson were popular American envoys to France

14. Causes Concept Map