2. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100

3. Web Accessibility Jeffrey P. Bigham CSC 210, March 23, 2011 Achieving Web Accessibility and Usability

4. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 What is web accessibility?  the degree to which a web page or application is usable by people with different (and changing) abilities – visually-impaired people using screen readers – hearing-impaired people browsing w/out sound – physically impaired people (no mouse!) – color-blind people – cognitively-impaired people (simple language)

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8. Scale of Access  37 Million Blind People in the World (125 million with low vision)  Increasing – Ageing Population – Situational Impairments  Access technology benefits 25% of web users 1 [1] “The Market for Accessible Technology. “ Forrester Research, 2003.

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15. Provide Alt Text

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17. Tables Confusing when used for layout - table heading element Takes the place of a element. Use tag to describe table.

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19. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 No Frames  is no longer valid HTML  confusing – esp when clicking on content in one frame causes an update in another  is ok, but should be avoided too

20. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 Javascript  barriers to navigation using keyboard – mousedown instead of click –  hidden content – content not functional or visible to AT – off-screen models, inaccessible APIs  lack of user control over content changes – selection boxes, auto-tabs  confusing – altering or disabling normal functionality

21. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 Dynamic Content  Two main problems with DHTML/AJAX – need to identify roles/states of scripted widgets – need to convey dynamically changing information – http://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/misc/ARIA/tris tatecheck.html http://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/misc/ARIA/tris tatecheck.html

22. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 Flash!  Like HTML/Javascript/CSS – Flash can be made accessible  Heavily dependent on user setup – right browser, OS, and AT combination  Avoid if possible!

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24. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 Usability  Accessibility is more than making access possible, it’s about making content usable for as many people as possible

25. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 X X X X h h h e b b START Keyboard Shortcuts

26. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 X X X X e b b START.heading { font-weight: bold; } Keyboard Shortcuts

27. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 Video!  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nkqhcb1f oPI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nkqhcb1f oPI

28. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 What is web accessibility?  the degree to which a web page or application is usable by people with different (and changing) abilities – visually-impaired people using screen readers – hearing-impaired people browsing w/out sound – physically impaired people (no mouse!) – color-blind people – cognitively-impaired people (simple language)

29. 0100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101 1110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011 1010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010 1011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100 1000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011 1100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111 0100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101 0111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001 0001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111 1000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110 1001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010 1110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010 0011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111 0000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101 0011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101 1101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100 0111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110 0001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010 0110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011 1010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000 1111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 0011100100011110101011101001110100110101111000011100100011110101011101001110100 1101011110000111001000111101010111010011101001101011110000111001000111101010111 0100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001 111010101110100111010011010111100001110010001111010101110100111010011010111100 Accessibility Resources  http://www.w3.org/WAI/http://www.w3.org/WAI/  http://webaim.org/http://webaim.org/  http://www.section508.gov/http://www.section508.gov/