1. About Video

2. Starter Question
How was the process for making the Star Wars movie “Star Wars I – The Phantom Menace” different than you expected?
How has technology effected the way we make and watch films?

3. What is Video? – A new concept
Film/Television
Film was the medium used for creating most audiovisual program for film and TV.
Reason Why?
Portable
Quality Images
Picture and Sound was recorded separately so sophisticated editing is possible.

4. What is Video? – A new concept
Television was the medium used to broadcast studio programs live and previously produced programs.
Television Not Ideal because:
Heavy and complex equipment.
Quality not as good as film.
Editing was difficult and quality suffered.

5. Camcorders Camcorders are a combination of audio and visual recorders.
Technology advancements:
Smaller and easier to use.
Quality has improved to rival film.

6. TV vs. Film Film makers think that TV is less desirable than film:
Resolution and picture clarity is low compared to film.
Color sometimes lacks richness.
Sound editing was more difficult (until recently).

7. TV vs. Film In other ways, Film is less desirable than TV:
Film is more expensive to shoot and process.
Film is less tolerant of lighting situations.
Sound is more difficult because it is almost always recorded separately.
Film color balance is expensive and time consuming.

8. TV vs. Film
Continued..
Titles and effects cannot be added in real time.
Film editing requires making a negative – although this process is being digitized.

9. Converging Technologies
Today the two are growing closer together.
Both worlds are working together:
Commercials that are shot on film then converted to tape.
Videotape work prints are made, edited, and completed with a film negative is cut to match the tape.
Special effects are created electronically and then transferred to film.
Audio software is relevant in both areas.

10. Types of Video Productions
Wide range of productions:
Commercials
Mini-Series
Consumer use – family vacations, birthdays, weddings, etc.
Professional uses for video are expanding.

11. Video Jobs and Talents
Story Side of Production – Writing, Directing, or Editing
Graphic Talents – Art Design, Set Construction, Costume Design, Make-Up Artist
Operators – Camera, Lighting, Audio
Technical Applications – Audio and/or Video Engineering, Video Production and Management
Business skills – Production Management

12. The Nature of the Video World
The TV Screen is a window that looks out on a completely different universe. In the world of video:
An actor can open a door in London and walk through it to Los Angeles.
A car can turn a corner and jump forward a week in time.
An actor can fall ten stories onto concrete and walk away unhurt.

13. The Language of Video Expression
Video communication uses a visual language.
An image is much like a single word.
A shot is much like a complete sentence.
A scene is much like a paragraph.
A sequence is much like a chapter.
Video has its own techniques for creating distinctive styles of expression.

14. Vocabulary
Camcorder – an appliance that both captures moving images and stores them on tape or other media.
Digitize – To record images and sounds as numerical data, either directly in a camcorder or in the process of importing them to a computer.
Film – An audiovisual medium that on transparent plastic strips by means of photosensitive chemicals

15. Vocabulary
Live – Recorded and usually transmitted for display continuously and in real time.
Shoot – To record film or video; also, “a shoot” is an informal term for the production phase of a film or video project.
Television – Studio-based, multicamera video that is often produced and transmitted “live.”

16. Vocabulary
Video – An audiovisual medium that records on magnetic tape of other media by electronic means; also, single camera taped program creation in the manner of film production rather than studio television.
Visual Literacy – the ability to evaluate the content of visual media through an understanding of the way in which it is recorded and presented.

17. Vocabulary
Black Tape: a videotape that has nothing but a black image throughout the tape. A master tape is sometimes "blacked" by running a video camera in record mode with the lens cover on, and no audio inputs.
Pre-roll: the time that a video tape recorder takes to come up to operating speed for recording. A typical pre-roll takes about 3 to 5 seconds.

18. Vocabulary
Built in microphone: the microphone which cannot be removed from the video camera that records all sounds whenever an external microphone is not connected to the camera.
External microphone: a microphone that is connected to the video camera to provide for better concentrated recordings.

19. Vocabulary
Freeze frame: a still image from a video segment recorded during editing for a specified length of time.
Pace: the rate at which information is presented or images are shown.
Pan: a camera operation during recording that moves the lens along a horizontal plane.

20. Vocabulary
Quick edit: an editing technique where selected segments are copied onto a master tape one after the other; same as assemble edit.
Standard audio and video : the two tracks of the videotape that are recorded together when using a video camera.

21. Vocabulary
Storyboard: a series of diagrams that are used in video production to depict the composition of a video segment. A storyboard provides details about the audio and visual elements that will make up a video product.
Superimpose : to have two separate images shown simultaneously. An image of text information might be superimposed over another video image to complement the visual.

22. Vocabulary
Takes: a recorded attempt to capture the desired video segment. It is a good idea to record a couple takes so that during editing you will have the opportunity to select the better segment.
Talent: the individuals who are the subjects who appear in the video.
Tracks: the areas of a videotape that contain the video and audio information.

23. Vocabulary
Transition: the method used to change from one video segment to the next.
Video and standard audio: the two tracks of the videotape that are recorded together when using a video camera.

24. Vocabulary
Video insert edit: an editing technique where a selected portion of video and standard audio on the master tape is replaced with a different segment from the source tape.
Video output: a port on the computer that allows you to connect a video device such as a VCR to simultaneously record the images that are being displayed on the computer's monitor.

25. Vocabulary
Voiceovers: an audio recording onto the PCM audio track of the master tape, used to narrate video segments. A voiceover is typically recorded during the post-production editing.
Zoom in/out: a camera operation involving the adjustment of the zoom lens to make a subject appear closer or farther.

26. Vocabulary Arc -a type of dolly movement
Black -darkest part of the grayscale
Blocking -planned movements for talent
Crane -move camera via boom of camera crane
CG- character generator effects generator that produces letters, numbers and simple graphics
Clip -short film or video insert

27. Vocabulary
Shot sizes (XLS,ELS, LS,WS,MLS, MWS, MS,MCU, BUST, CU, ECU,TCU)
Angles (full front, ¾ front, profile, ¾ back, full back, canted or tilted)
Crawl –horizontal movement of electronically generated text or copy
Roll –vertical movement of electronically generated text or copy

28. Vocabulary
Gel –generic name for a color filter put in front of lights to give the light beam a specific hue.
Graphics –two/three dimensional visuals prepared for the television screen such as title cards, charts and graphs etc.
Key –short for chroma key
Background –items that appear behind the subject of a shot -BG

29. Vocabulary Slow motion –objects appear to move more slowly than normal
Stock shot or stock footage –material acquired from a stock footage company
File footage –archived material
Star filter –lens attachment that changes high intensity light sources into star-like images
Beauty shot –usually a close up lit to enhance the visual qualities of a person or product

30. Vocabulary
Raw footage tape: the videotape(s) that contains the captured segments of video that will be edited onto the master tape. The tape(s) may have many times more footage to choose from than what ends up on the master tape because it usually contains several different takes of the same segment. Also referred to as the source tape or source raw footage tape.

31. Vocabulary
Shoot to edit: a strategy used during recording with the knowledge that bad segments can be overlooked during the post-production editing process. Several different takes can be recorded knowing that during post-production the best segment can be selected.

32. Video shot vocabulary
Shot composition: the field of view that the camera operator records. The shot composition can range from an extreme close-up to an extreme long shot.

33. Video shot vocabulary Establishing shot, wide shot—intro
For whole story or a particular sequence
Such as materials on table for paper airplane
Medium shot, medium close-up
10 to 12 feet
Over-the-shoulder (OTS)
Two shot
Difficult because they need to be close together
One person is talking while other sits uncomfortably

34. Establishing shot

35. Video shot vocabulary
Close up (CU): a shot composition that captures only a small portion of a subject. A close-up shot is relative to what is considered a medium shot and an extreme close-up shot.

36. Close-up

37. Video shot vocabulary
Extreme close-up (ECU): a shot composition that shows the fine details of a subject. An extreme close-up shot is relative to what is considered a close-up shot.

38. Video shot vocabulary
Medium shot (MS): a shot composition that shows about half of the complete subject. A medium shot is relative to what is considered a close-up shot and a long shot.

39. Medium shot

40. Video shot vocabulary
Long shot (LS): a shot composition that captures most (if not all) of the subject. A long shot is relative to what is considered a medium shot and an extreme long shot.

41. Video shot vocabulary
Extreme long shot (ELS): a shot composition that shows a large view that includes that subject from a distance. An extreme long shot is relative to what is considered a long shot.

42. Over-the-shoulder (OTS)

43. Two shot Difficult because they need to be close together
One person talks while other sits uncomfortably

44. Head room
Head room = space between top of subject’s head and top of frame
Centered, too much head room
Off-center, better head room
Tighter and better composed

45. Nose room Give person breathing room in front
Want person running or car moving to have room in front of them so they’re not hitting the edge of the frame

46. Rule of thirds
Divide your frame into thirds horizontally and vertically, like a tic-tac-toe board
Lower right-hand corner attracts your eye the most in Western civilizations

47. The Rule of Thirds

48. The Rule of Thirds Broken
“Non-Example”
Subject is Dead in the Center

49. Depth of Field Shallow Depth of Field Deep Depth of Field
Use of a telephoto (zoomed-in) lens
Wider Aperture (smaller f•stop)
Use in scenes of confusion/isolation.
Deep Depth of Field
Use of a wide-Angle lens
Smaller Aperture (larger f•stop)
Use in scenes where surroundings are important.

50. Vertical Angle of View…
Bird’s Eye View
Depicts Inferiority
Eye-line View
Normal
Worm’s Eye View
Depicts Superiority

51. Extreme Close-up (ECU)
Camera Distance…
Long Shot (LS)
Medium Shot (MS)
Close-up (CU)
Extreme Close-up (ECU)

52. Telling a Story Through Camera Distance…
(LS) - Establishing Shot
(CU)
(MS)
(LS) - Concluding Shot
(ECU)
(CU)