1. The U.S. Census Bureau defines an urban area as a city with a population over 2,500. TQ

2. World's largest cities The question of determining the world's largest cities does not allow a single, simple answer. It depends on which definitions of "city" and "size" are used, and how those definitions are applied. Complex political/cultural/social situations, sometimes controversial or disputed, further confuse the discussion. Debate on this field is highly vulnerable to bias or manipulation, as people tend to prefer whichever definition most flatters their own city. The "size" of a city can refer to either its land area or, more typically, its population. The borders of a city can be defined several ways:

3. Administrative "City" as strictly defined by a given government (city proper). Typically based on a municipality or equivalent entity, or sometimes a group of municipalities under a regional government.

7. Morphological "City" defined as a physically contiguous urban area, without regard to territorial or other boundaries. The delineation is usually done using some type of urban density, such as population density or density of buildings. Satellite and/or aerial maps may be used. For statistical convenience, such areas are sometimes adjusted to appropriate administrative boundaries, yielding an agglomeration.

10. The Valley LA The East Side South Central The South Bay Orange County San Gabriel Valley The High Desert

12. Functional "City" as defined by the habits of its demographic population, as by metropolitan area, labor market area, or similar. Such definitions are usually based on commuting between home and work. Commuter flow thresholds into the core urban area are established by the national census authority, determining which areas are included.

15. Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) 1. A central city with a population of at least 50,000 2. its county (within which the city is located) 3. Adjacent counties in which at least 15 percent of the residents work in the central city’s county

16. 369 MSAs

17. The United States Census Bureau has designated the five county region as the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area, with a July 1, 2006 population estimate of 17,776,000.

18. The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has defined 125 Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs) for the United States of America. The OMB defines a Combined Statistical Area as an aggregate of adjacent MSAs that are linked by commuting ties. The Combined Statistical Area is the most expansive of the metropolitan area concepts. Not CMSA

21. The Greater Los Angeles Area, or the Southland, is the agglomeration of urbanized area around the county of Los Angeles. Greater Los Angeles includes the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Inland Empire, and the Oxnard– Thousand Oaks–Ventura area. San Diego and Imperial counties, while a part of Southern California, are not included in this agglomeration.

22. Megalopolis: large metropolitan areas so close together that they form one continuous urban complex

24. America’s Megapolitan Regions These ten megapolitan regions account for almost 70% of the U.S. population in less than 20% of the land area.

27. Japan’s “Tokaido Megalopolis,” named for the old Tokaido Road running from Yedo (Tokyo) through Osaka and southwest to Nagasaki, includes some of the country’s largest cities (like Kyoto, the historic capital of the country). The megalopolis contains more than 50 million people and accounts for more than 80 percent of Japan’s total GDP.

30. Parts of an Urban Area central business district (CBD): the central nucleus of commercial land uses in a city.

31. FR What activities and structures are typically found in a city’s Central Business District (CBD)? CBD Activities: Business services

32. shops (retail)

34. City government (court house)

35. Structures: the tallest buildings

36. Height decreases as land values do

37. city hall

38. major hotels

39. libraries

40. museums

41. Why are these activities and structures located in the CBD? Accessibility (can support services with a large threshold and range)

42. zone in transition: area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD. Warehouses

43. Apartment buildings public housing New York from Bronx

46. Older residential neighborhoods gentrified buildings

47. Zone of transition: elderly in the Netherlands

48. Suburbs are residential areas surrounding a large urban area.

49. Edge cities: nodal concentrations of shopping and office space that are situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major high­way intersections.

50. Edge cities: suburban downtowns activities: Shopping office space/jobs Entertainment FR What kinds of activities and structures are typically found in Edge Cities? FR How do CBDs and Edge Cities differ? Edge City: Tysons Corner, Virginia

51. Edgecity

52. structures: Malls office parks movie theaters suburban housing major high­way intersections.

53. A business/office park is an area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together. These are popular in many suburban locations, where it is cheaper to develop land because of the lower land costs and the lower building costs for building wider, not necessarily higher.

54. They are also often located near highways or main roads.

55. Edge cities In Southern California: _________

57. Examples:

58. Bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more money for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area, the more profitable.

59. A great example of distance decay

61. Three urban land (structure) use models of North American cities.

62. Burgess Concentric (has a common center/circles) Zone Model, 1925

63. Zone 1 The central business district (CBD) 2 Zone of transition Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income segment Immigrants to the city first live in this zone in small dwelling units.

64. Example In Southern California: _________

65. 3 Zone of independent workers’ homes Located close to factories of zones 1 and 2 Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — blocks of immigrants who broke free from the ghettos Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housing

66. Example In Southern California: ______________

67. 4 Zone of better residence The fourth zone has newer and more spacious houses for middle-class families. Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first streetcar network Commute to work in the CBD

68. Example In Southern California: ______________

69. 5 Commuter’s zone beyond the continuous built-up area of the city. Some people who work in the center nonetheless choose to live in smaller suburbs. Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad lines Spacious lots and large houses Example In Southern California:_________________________

71. Invasion and succession: a process of neighborhood change whereby one social or ethnic group succeeds another in a residential area.

72. Theory represented the American city in a new stage of development –Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed neighborhoods where merchants’ stores and sweatshop factories were intermingled with mansions and hovels –Rich and poor, immigrant and native- born, rubbed shoulders in the same neighborhoods 19 th Century New York

73. In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern This was the city Burgess used for his model

74. Critics of the model Pointed out even though portions of each zone did exist, rarely were they linked to totally surround the city Burgess countered there were distinct barriers, such as old industrial centers, preventing the completion of the arc Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist, overemphasized residential patterns and did not give proper credit to other land uses

75. sectors or wedges Hoyt Sector Model 1939 Cities that have not been dominated by successive waves of migrant or immigrant ethnic groups tend to be organized around the linear development of two main features that grow outward from the CBD: industrial districts high-class residential districts.

76. Example In Southern California: _______________

79. Harris-Ulman Multiple Nuclei Model: a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.

81. The multiple nuclei theory best explains why different neighborhoods of a city attract people of different ethnic origin.

82. Integrated model of a large U.S. city

84. FR Assess/evaluate the three models of urban structure of North American cities. If the models are combined they are useful. Most people live near others that have similar characteristics. The three models help us understand where people with different social characteristics tend to live within an urban area. They also help to explain why certain types of people tend to live in particular places.

85. Negative aspect of models (Feminist Critiques) They ignore dual-income families (Not all households have a single bread winner who commutes everyday) They ignore households headed by single women.

86. Most women seek employment locations closer to their homes than do men, and this applies to almost all women, not just those with small children.

87. Not all people have kids Some like to live in urban setting and see suburban life as boring

88. These people are often called Yuppies (short for "young urban professional" or "young upwardly-mobile professional") is a term that first came into use in the late 1980s which refers to a financially secure, upper-middle-class young person in their twenties or early thirties.

89. DINKS: Dual (or double) income, no kids. Or DINKY Dual (or double) income, no kids yet. DINK is sometimes used in reference to gay and lesbian couples who are childless. This may also be a more appropriate term for heterosexual couples who prefer not to have children and consider themselves childfree