1. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Overview  What is collaboration –Your definitions –Terms and ideas from the literature –Seven Cs  Collaboration Debate –Supporters –Skeptics

2. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Exercise: What is collaboration?  Don’t look at your readings  Define in your own terms

3. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Godshalk and Mills (1966, 86)  Define planning as a collaborative process “in which there is a genuine interchange between planners and citizens from all walks of life throughout the course of the project.”

4. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Barbara Gray (1989)  Collaboration is a process through which “parties who see different aspects of a problem can constructively explore their differences and search for solutions that go beyond their own limited vision of what is possible

5. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Julian (1994)  Process through which stakeholders define a common mission, allocate resources, and engage in activities designed to achieve that mission”

6. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Wondolleck and Yaffee (1999)  Government agencies, communities, and private groups…building bridges between one another that enable them to deal with common problems, work through conflicts, and develop forward- thinking strategies for regional protection and development.

7. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Innes and Booher (1999)  The process itself is simply and foremost one of learning, which transforms participants’ previously held convictions and helps them to develop new shared meanings, purposes and innovative approaches to otherwise intractable issues.

8. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Weber (2003)  [GREM]: “an ongoing, collaborative governance arrangement in which inclusive coalitions of the unalike come together in a deliberative format to resolve policy problems affecting the environment, economy, community (or communities) of a particular place.”

9. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Margerum (Beyond Consensus)  Collaboration is an approach to solving complex problems in which a diverse group of autonomous stakeholders deliberate to build consensus and develop networks for translating consensus into results.

10. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Range of Ideas and Themes  Public problems  Decision-makers –Groups –Autonomous  Shared Rules  Common mission  Shared power delegated to the group?

11. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Range of Ideas and Themes (continued)  Explore differences and search for solutions  Structure or a Process?  Stakeholders or the Public as Well?  Creativity, exploration, deliberation  Place based or not?

12. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Seven Cs 1.Collaboration 2.Communication 3.Consultation 4.Conflict Resolution 5.Consensus Building 6.Cooperation 7.Coordination

13. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press What does it look like?  Initiation phase : starting, convening, defining  Consensus phase : reviewing, deliberating, consensus-building  Implementation phase : implementing, refining, revising, adjusting InitiationConsensusImplementation

14. Source: Margerum, Richard D. Author of: Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning & Management. 2011. MIT Press Discussion  Background –Margerum (2011) discusses why collaboration has emerged and where –McCloskey (1996) presents a skeptical view –Layzer (2008) challenges the “optimistic view”  Deliberation –Work in groups assigned as supporters or skeptics –Debate the pros and cons of collaboration