1. The Executive Branch
Chapters 8 and 9

2. Presidential Roles
1. Chief of State: the ceremonial head of the government of the United States.
2. Chief Executive: “the executive power of the United States.”
3. Chief Administrator: of the Federal Government.
4. Chief Diplomat: main architect of American foreign policy and the nation’s chief spokesperson to the rest of the world.

3. Roles Continued 5. Commander in Chief: of the nation’s armed forces.
6. Chief Legislators: main architect of public policies.
7. Chief of Party: leader of the political party that controls the executive branch.
8. Chief Citizen: “the representative of all the people”.

4. Presidential Powers Executive Powers:
Executing Law: enforces, administers, carries out the provisions of federal law.
The Ordinance Power: executive order- a directive, rule, or regulation that has the effect of law.
The Appointing Power: the President nominates-Senate confirms the heads of all executive departments, and agencies, together with hundreds of other positions within the Federal Government.
The Removal Power: Not clearly defined.

5. Diplomatic Powers
The Power to Make Treaties: with Senate approval, generally through the Secretary of State.
Executive Agreements: pacts between the President and the heads of foreign states, or their subordinates. (Senate approval not required)
The Power of Recognition: the Presidents acting for the United States, acknowledges, the legal existence of that country and its government.

6. Military Powers Making Undeclared War
Wartime Powers: powers increase during war; ex: WW II the President could ration food and gasoline, control wages and prices, and seize and operate certain private industries.
The War Powers Resolution of 1973

7. The Legislative Powers
Power to Recommend Legislation
The Veto Power

8. Judicial Powers
Reprieve: is the postponement of the execution of a sentence.
Pardon: is legal forgiveness of a crime.
Commutation: the power to commute (reduce) the length of a sentence or a fine imposed by a court.
Amnesty: a general pardon offered to a group of law violators.