1. Public Policy Second lecture

2. Human rights In comerison with middle ages, the modern age, inspired by the enlightenment and liberalism, marked a fundamental return to the recognition of the university of human rights, The concept of natural rights – Grotius, Hobbes, Locke – emphasised in particular right to freedom and property

3. 1776 American Declaretion of Independence „We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are LiIfe, Liberty, and he pursuit of Happiness”

4. French Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789 Inherent, unalienable, irrevocable rights LIBERTY, EQUALITE, BROTHERHOOD

5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by General Assembly of the UN in December 1948

6. Human rights Civile rights, Political rights, Social rights

7. Ideology Ideoloy is necessery component of communication in political discourse. They facilitate an identification of political stand- points and priorities. However, they are at the same time a framework that significantly simplifies the understanding of both misunderstanding, as well as justification for the decisions and acts of the unreasonable and irrational, when faced with a problematic situation

8. ideology Utilitarism, Rawl principle of justice, Neoliberalism, Absolute equalitarianism, Conservatism, Reducing inequality, The criterion of human dignity, The sustainable development

9. Utilitarianism The goal towards which human society should direct itself as that of ensuring the maximum happiness for the maximum number of people. The overall, communal public good or happiness is the sum total of the utilities of all members of a given community. Critics of the model point out that the function of social happiness is operationalised only with difficulty. Problems occur when one attempts to measure individual utility – these utilities are rather subjective in character

10. Rawl principle of justice In a critical reaction to utilitarianism Rawls attempted to define a more specific criterion: it is necessary to maximise the advantages of the least preferred based on the assumption that such living conditions are, at the very least, provided to the most handicapped individual as they are to all. Technically this means that systems of redistribution should be implemented right up to moment when the motivational system would be endangered to such an extent that (in regard to an overall decline in production) it would even worsen the standing of the most handicapped (upośledzony) individual

11. Neoliberalism Some thinkers argue that the best, and in fact almost exclusive, method of achieving happiness in the social organism is to allow complete freedom of operation of market mechanisms. The self-regulatory power of the market can bring society to its desired flourishing; only the market in thus capable of safeguarding economical effectiveness. The state on the other hand, makes people less free, it prevents them from finding their own way towards happiness and wealth; In other words, it is necessary to reduce the function of the state to the bare necessary minium – the state as guardian of the citizens’ peaceful slumber

12. Absolute equalitarysm Vision of state in which everyone would be completely equal, Market mechanism would not exist

13. Conservatism – the maintenance of institutional values Traditionalists are convinced that rather than to go looking for an optimal distribution of resources, it is better to gamble on the workings proven social, economic and political institutions, and the laws by which the required distribution will unravel itself. Among the most important of these belong the institutions of the constitution, civil and political rights, the family, the church, and the state, Significant importance is attached to social values, norms, conventions

14. Reducing inequality Supporters of this model draw attention to the fact that there are two undesirable aspects to the functioning of market relations. On the one hand, the market does not concern itself with the type of resource used by individuals to assert themselves (be it inherited financial resources, intellectual or physical resources, their state of health or social background), nor is it sensitive to the specific needs of the individual.

15. Thus it occurs that, under otherwise similar circumstances, some people are endowed with large resources while others lack the resources to satisfy their basic needs. The additional argument of this model’s supporters is based on the assumption of a shrinking marginal utility set against growing wealth. Thus, the richer people become the less marginal utility they receive for the same amount of money. The some unit of wealth would cause the poor to be happier. It is therefore necessary to supplement the market with re-distribution of resources through taxation, public budgets and service

16. The ctiteria of human dignity It is in a person’s make-up that is possible to ensure happiness for himself, but he can nevertheless safeguard dignified conditions for living. This concept thus contains as its goal for social evolution the maximum removal of human unhappiness and suffering, rather then the mximisation of happiness for the maximum number of people. Each person has ts own inner values which derive more from the fact that he/she is a human being than the fact that he/she contributes to society’s well-being. A component of this dinity is the possibility o choosing ones own life

17. Cultivation and utilization of human potential Advocatesa of this model based their views on the premise that even if people are not born with the sobe dispositions and inclinations, it is possible to provide everyoe with an even chance of developing and utilizing their dispositions. It is necessery to provide a guarantee of wqaual of opportunity. This understanding of freedom does not conflict with the principle of liberalism with states that it is impossible for society to achive prosperity if it does not benefit the individual

18. The sustainable development While the previous models have based on the human conditions, this model focuses on life with itscomlexity. It is thus solely concentrated on the live of the human race alone, but rather it looks at all living creatures on planet Earth

19. „It is aimed towards the search for harmony between man and nature, between society and its environment, in order that we should to bring ourselves as close as possible to the ideals of humanism and respect for life and nature, in all its forms as well as in various time space”