1. Geology of Fossil Fuels

2. Natural Resources Global uneven distribution of natural resources Global uneven distribution of natural resources Global uneven use of natural resources Global uneven use of natural resources 20% of the wealthiest population use 80% of natural resources; 80% use the rest of 20% 20% of the wealthiest population use 80% of natural resources; 80% use the rest of 20% U.S. with 6% of the world’s population uses 30% of world’s yearly natural resources U.S. with 6% of the world’s population uses 30% of world’s yearly natural resources

3. Primitive Hunter– gatherer Early agricultural Advanced agricultural Early industrial Modern industrial (other developed nations) Modern industrial (United States) SocietyKilocalories per Person per Day 260,000 130,000 60,000 20,000 12,000 5,000 2,000 Daily Energy Use Per Person in Different Stages of Development

4. Per Capita Energy Use and GNP

5. Energy Sources Non-renewable (82%, 92% in US) Non-renewable (82%, 92% in US) Oil, Coal, Natural gas, Nuclear power Oil, Coal, Natural gas, Nuclear power Renewable (18%, 8% in US) Renewable (18%, 8% in US) Biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind Biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind

6. World Nuclear power 6% Hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind 7% Natural Gas 23% Biomass 11% Oil 32% Coal 21% United States Nuclear power 8% Hydropower geothermal solar, wind 4% Biomass 4% Natural Gas 23% Oil 39% Coal 22%

8. Oil equivalent (millions of metric tons) Oil Coal Natural gas Year 1950196019701980199020002010 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Global Consumption of Fossil Fuels

9. Petroleum/Hydrocarbons

10. Petroleum forms from oceanic micro-organisms

11. SOURCE ROCK Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation, Kimmeridge, Dorset

12. Jurassic shale and limestone cliffs of Lyme Regis, Dorset

13. Fossil ammonites from Jurassic

14. Durdle Door, Dorset, England

15. Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface

16. Reservoir rock Middle Jurassic, Bridport Sands, Dorset

17. Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface

18. La Brea Tar Pits, California

19. Location of petroleum deposits worldwide

20. Regional Shares of Proved Oil Reserves

21. The World’s Oil Reserves Middle East 67.9% Western Europe 2% North America 6.7% Africa 5% Latin America 6.5% Eastern Europe and Russia 8% Far East and Oceania 5.9%

22. Who uses petroleum? 2000 US Dept. of Energy

23. Oil Use in US 62% of energy comes from oil and natural gas 95% of energy used for transportation comes from oil 3% of world oil reserve Use 30% of global oil production –68% for transportation Import 60% of oil supplies

24. Oil Discovery (3 year average - past and projected) 1930-2050

26. Petroleum depletion In the next 50 years, we will see the end of “inexpensive” petroleum

27. Coal – the “other” Fossil Fuel

28. Coal forms from plant material in Coastal Swamps

29. Formation of coal

30. Coal deposits in North America

31. Major Coal Basins

32. Worldwide coal deposits

33. Coal Statistics Usage Usage 21% of energy (62% of electricity) 21% of energy (62% of electricity) 22% of energy (52% of electricity) in US 22% of energy (52% of electricity) in US Identified reserves Identified reserves 225 years at current rate 225 years at current rate 65 years (with 2% annual increase) 65 years (with 2% annual increase) Depletion is not as imminent, but… Depletion is not as imminent, but…

34. Pollution from Coal Radioactivity and toxic metals Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides Largest single source of acid rain CO2 and global warming - 36% emission Land disturbance Water pollution by mine drainage and toxic chemicals

35. “The good old days”