1. What is a Watershed? (or Drainage Basin)
REVIEW!
What is a Watershed? (or Drainage Basin)
… the land area that drains runoff (rain or snow) into a lake, stream or river.
The boundaries of a watershed,
are hilltops and ridges.
Source: Doppelt, Bob, Mary Scurlock, Chris Frissell, and James Karr. (1993: xiv).  Entering the Watershed: A new approach to save America's River Ecosystems.  Washington, DC:  Island Press.  Copyright: Pacific Rivers Council.

2. How Does Your Watershed connect to the Great Lakes Watershed?
REVIEW!
How Does Your Watershed connect to the Great Lakes Watershed?
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

3. What are the Benefits of a Healthy Watershed
Clean water
Flood control
Good fish & wildlife habitat
Greater biodiversity
More productive for timber & grazing
Higher property values
More attractive

4. Land Uses & Water Pollution Sources
Christopher Gale
Bill Taft
By Joan Schumaker Chadde, Western U.P. Center for Science, Mathematics and Environmental Education. All photos by Chadde, unless otherwise noted.

5. Land Uses & Water Pollution Sources
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper:
How does what we do on land affect water quality?
2.How does pollution get from one place to another?

6. What are land uses?
The ways that people use the land.
Brainstorm

7. What are Land Uses? Grazing Farming (Agriculture) Forestry (logging)
Mining
Recreation (motorized & non-motorized)
Residential
Commercial
Industry
Wildlife habitat
Preservation (wild & scenic)

8. What types of pollutants might enter our watershed through land use?

9. Types of Pollutants? Nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) Sediment (dirt)
Bacteria
Pesticides
Road salt
Toxic chemicals
Metals (mercury, copper, etc.)

10. What are point and non-point sources of pollution?

11. Point and Non-point Sources of Water Pollution
Point = water pollutants discharged from a pipe into lakes and rivers.
Nonpoint = water pollutants carried by runoff over land and into lakes and rivers.

12. Point source pollution = water pollutants discharged from a pipe

13. Nonpoint Source Pollution = pollutants carried by water
as it runs off over the land. The type of pollutant (sediment, fertilizer, nutrients, pesticides, etc.) depends upon the type of land use.
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

14. Water Quality & Possible Pollutants (Page 69)
Work with a partner on Pg. 69 to brainstorm at least two possible sources of pollution for each type of pollutant.
Do this in pencil. We will go over the correct answers before the end of class.

15. Water Quality & Possible Pollutants (Page 69)
Possible Sources
1. Nutrients
Livestock (animal wastes) too close to stream
Fertilizer used on crops or lawns
Human wastes from failing septic systems
2. Sediment
Road crossing a stream
Eroding stream banks
Livestock too close to stream
All-terrain vehicles driving through a stream
3. Bacteria
Failing septic systems
Wastewater treatment plant overflows
Livestock waste too close to stream
Wildlife and pet wastes

16. Water Quality & Possible Pollutants (Page 69)
Possible Sources
4. Pesticides
Residential lawns and gardens
Golf courses and city parks
Crop land
5. Oil, gas, metals
Parking lot runoff
Leaking underground gasoline storage tanks
6. Salt
Highways
Industry
7. Toxic materials
Land fill
Businesses (dry cleaners, etc.)

17. *Fill in your student sheet (Pg. 71) as you view the slides.
Land Use and Water Quality
*Fill in your student sheet (Pg. 71) as you view the slides.
Identify the land use shown in the photo?
Identify what type of pollutants might result from the land use (shown in the photo) and possibly affect the water quality of a nearby stream?

18. #1

19. #2
Bill Taft

20. #3

21. #4 Dickinson Conservation District
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

22. #5

23. #6

24. #7

25. #8
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

26. Land Use and Water Quality
Photo
Land use
Possible Pollutants 1
Parking Lot
Urban
Commercial Development
Road salt
Sediment
Automotive fluids (toxic chemicals)
Motor oil (toxic chemicals) 2
Forest management
Logging road 3
Homes
Neighborhood
Residential
Pesticides (toxic chemicals)
Fertilizers (nutrients)
Pet wastes (bacteria & nutrients) 4
Agriculture
Livestock grazing
Animal feedlot
Animal wastes (bacteria & nutrients)

27. Land Use and Water Quality
Photo
Land use
Possible Pollutants 5
New Construction
Sediment 6
Stream channel
(straightened due to urban development)
Road salt
Automotive fluids (toxic chemicals)
Motor oil (toxic chemicals)
Waterfowl wastes 7
City
Urban area 8
Agriculture
Cropland
Fertilizer
Pesticides

28. Leading Sources of Water Quality Impairment to Rivers (MICHIGAN*)
Physical stream alterations (e.g. channelization or straightening)
Agriculture (crop runoff and animal feedlots)
Sediment
Industrial Point Source
Habitat modification (loss of streamside riparian vegetation)
Combined sewer overflows
Municipal Point Source
Construction
Leading pollutants:
organic compounds, pathogens, sediment, mercury, low dissolved oxygen, nutrients, metals (copper, chromium)
* 2004 Water Quality and Pollution Control in Michigan: Sections 303(d) and 305(b) Integrated Report, MI DEQ Water Division, page34.

29. Leading Sources of Water Quality Impairment to Rivers (U.S.*)
1. Agricultural runoff
(farming and livestock)
2. Municipal point sources
(sewage treatment plants)
3. Streamside habitat changes
(channelization, dredging, flow modifications)
Leading pollutants:
bacteria, nutrients, metals (primarily mercury), sediment
* 2000 National Water Quality Inventory (EPA report). Data received on 33% of U.S. waters were assessed for this report.

30. How can we reduce or prevent pollution ?
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs)
…are designed to control, prevent, remove,
or reduce pollution. Three BMP categories:
1. Structural Practices
Grass or rock-lined drainage ditches.
Fence livestock away from stream
Sedimentation basin for parking lot runoff
2. Vegetative Practices
Cover crops
Leave tree and shrub “buffer strips” along streams
3. Management Practices
No till farming (don’t plow)
Rotate pastures used for livestock grazing
No grazing, logging, or building houses right next to a stream

31. Land Use and Water Quality (pg. 71)
Go back to Page 71 and complete the Best management practices section with the people at your table.
Do this in pencil. We will correct it before the end of the class.

32. Land Use and Water Quality
Photo
Best Management Practice (BMP) 1
Porous asphalt of pervious concrete
Vegetated islands in parking lot
Runoff retention pond to collect runoff and allow time for infiltration
Reduce parking lot size
Create vegetated or rock-lined drainage channel for storm water runoff to slowly seep into the ground 2
Maintain vegetated buffer along stream to filter out sediment
Do not locate roads immediately adjacent to streams 3
Use minimal amounts of pesticides and fertilizers on lawns
Pick up and dispose of pet wastes
Maintain areas of native vegetation to promote infiltration
Irrigate lawn sparingly 4
Maintain vegetative buffer along streams to slow and filter runoff

33. Land Use and Water Quality
Photo
Best Management Practice (BMP) 5
Use erosion control fabric to prevent disturbed soil from moving off-site 6
Maintain vegetative buffer along streams to slow and filter runoff 7
Maintain vegetative buffer along lake to slow and filter runoff 8