1. The TRANS-MISSISSIPPI WEST
The LAST WEST
Post Civil War

2. THE “Last” WEST or Trans-Mississippi West.
Federal Government Legislation during the Civil War
End of Reconstruction
All Federal troops withdrawn from the South
Army sent WEST to protect miners, farmers, ranchers
Clash with American Indians in the West
Legendary Wild West

3. The West Push Factors Pull Factors Crowding back East
Displaced farmers
Former slaves
Eastern farmland expensive
Ethnic and religious repression in Europe
Haven for outlaws
Pull Factors
Government incentives
Pacific Railway Act
Morrill Land-Grant Act
Homestead Act
Private Property
Miners
Ranchers
Farmers

4. GO WEST, YOUNG MAN! The Myth of the Frontier “Manifest Destiny”
Civil War over
Adventure
Resources
Wealth (Gold, Cattle, Land)

5. The Natural Environment of the West, 1860s (p. 458 - Henretta 5th ed.)

6. page jpg
Map: The New West

7. Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860–1890

8. Settlement of the West: 1870-1890 (with boundaries of states added in that time period)

9. Railroads

10. Pacific Railway Acts
1862, 1864
Large land grants to Union Pacific RR and Central Pacific RR
175 million acres

11. Federal Land Grants to Railroads: 1850-1900

12. Union Pacific RR (Omaha, NE)

13. Union Pacific Railroads today

14. Central Pacific RR - Sacramento, CA

15. Leland Stanford - one of the founders of Central Pacific RR

16. Transcontinental RR Union Pacific (Omaha, NE)
Central Pacific (Sacramento, CA)
Started building in 1863
Connected East and West coasts via RR
Connected at Promontory Point, UT May 1869
Golden Spike

17. Transcontinental RR

18. Railroad Companies Advertisements
RR companies advertised to draw settlers to their “extra” lands given in the government grants
RR companies = very wealthy in late 19th century

19. Western Trunk Lines, 1887 (p. 461 Henretta 5th ed.)

20. Conflict on the Great Plains: 1860-1900
American Indians
Conflict on the Great Plains:

21. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show (p. 463)

22. Major Indian-White Clashes in the West

23. Map 16.4 The Indian Frontier, to 1890 (p. 470)

24. Indian Wars, 1860–1890

25. Indian Wars and Government Policy
N.A. lived on traditional lands W. of Mississippi
N. A. viewed settlers as invaders, Settlers took land from N. A.
(Settlers vs. N.A. = invaders vs. owners)
Gov’t treaties forced N. A. onto reservations
Settlers ignored treaties
Acts of violence led to cycles of revenge. Both sides guilty.

26. Brutality, Unfulfilled Promises, and Butchery
Treaties:
Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867
Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)
Most Indians angered by the treaties
By 1868, war parties were raiding cities in Kansas and Colorado
In response, army troops killed any Indians who refused to stay on reservations

27. Map 17.2: Western Indian Reservations, 1890

28. Chief Joseph - Nez Perce
Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce tribe

29. Geronimo - Apache
Geronimo, a chief of the Chiricahua Apaches

30. The Dead at Wounded Knee (p. 472)

31. Sand Creek (1864) •US army massacred Cheyenne, Arapahoe
Older men, women,
And children.
•Eastern Colorado

32. Little Bighorn (1876) Army moved to assault roaming Sioux in 1876
600 troops marched on Little Bighorn River
Custer separated his men and sent half of his forces straight into battle
This group and the rest were wiped out by Cheyenne and Sioux
Defeat angered the army who became even more ruthless
Army moved to assault roaming Sioux: after negotiations to buy the Black Hills broke down

33. Tepee Liner (p. 459)

34. An Indian warriors view of the Little Bighorn

35. General George Armstrong Custer
General in the Civil War
Infamous Indian fighter during the Sioux Wars
Sent to find gold in Black Hills
Defeated in the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)
Defeat angered the army who became even more ruthless
Black Hills expedition: pushed by the Northern Pacific Railroad

36. Sitting Bull Leader of Sioux band around Little Bighorn River
Allied with other Sioux bands and leaders (Crazy Horse, etc.)
Refused to go onto government designated reservations
Helped defeat Custer and US Army at Little Bighorn in 1876
Surrendered in 1880s
Traveled with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show

37. Battle of the Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand)

38. The Little Bighorn today

39. Wounded Knee Creek (1890)
Ghost Dance - Movement among Plains tribes (led by prophet Wovoka) -- hoped to restore Native tribes to traditional ways and power
December 29, 1890
Seventh cavalry was sent to round up Indians at Wounded Knee in Dakota territory
Indian fired a shot (accidental or excited?)
Army massacred over 300 Indians
Effectively ended Indian resistance on the Great Plains
Show movie clip

40. Wounded Knee, SD (1890)

41. “Saving” the Indians: Assimilation
Americans increasingly disagreed with Government Indian reservation policies
The Women’s National Indian Rights Association
Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson
Breaking up reservations and assimilating the Indians into society was best
Created Indian Boarding Schools for youth
“Kill the Indian, Save the Man”
Vocational Training (jobs)
Religious Training (Christianity)
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Gave individuals acreages
of land and made them
citizens of the U.S.
Assimilating: they wanted to get rid of Indian culture to get rid of the “Indian Problem”
Picture: the phoenix indian school

42. East meets West

43. Genoa, NE Indian School

44. Indian Schools Genoa, NE Carlisle, PA Haskell, KS
Many in Oklahoma and the Dakotas

45. Before and After

46. Jim Thorpe - Carlisle Indian School
American Indian
Born in Oklahoma
Pottawattamie/Sauk - Fox Tribes
Carlisle, PA Indian School
Greatest Athlete of the 20th Century
Football, Baseball, Track and Field, Basketball. Et.

47. Dawes Act Indian Homestead Act - 1887
Another attempt to assimilate Indians

48. Oklahoma Land Rush (1889)
Oklahoma was “Indian Territory” given to the five civilized tribes
Sided with the Confederacy -- Federal government took land as punishment
2 million acres free for settlement
Free land was considered instant prosperity
Boomers - Those seeking free land
Sooners - Those “squatting” on the land before it was legal.

49. The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889–1906

50. Map 16.5 The Sioux Reservations in South Dakota, 1868-1889 (p. 471)

51. By 1900… Most Indians driven onto reservations
Reduced from 1/4 million to 1 hundred thousand
Native American culture still survives and has made a comeback in 21st century

52. American Agriculture in 1900

53. Cattle Trails

54. Average Annual Precipitation

55. Homesteads from the Public Lands (acreage legally transferred to private ownership)

56. The Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860–1890

58. Map 16.6 The Mining Frontier, 1848-1890 (p. 474)

59. Map 16.7 The Settlement of the Pacific Slope, 1860-1890 (p. 477)

60. Figure 16.1 Freight Rates for Transporting Nebraska Crops (p. 469)

61. The Yo-Hamite Falls (1855) (p. 456)

62. Cowboys on the Open Range (p. 464)

63. Mexican Miners (p. 479)

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A Southern Cotton Press

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Sodhouse on American Prairie

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Native American Translation of the Holy Bible

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Pueblo Sky Village

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Issue Day: Native Americans Waiting for Government Supplies

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Roundup on Sherman Ranch

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Judge Roy Bean's Courthouse and Saloon

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An American family on their way west

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Scene of Custer's last stand

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Apache Indians

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Dodge City Peace Commissioners (Wyatt Earp third from left)

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Buffalo in Oklahoma

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Cradling for gold in Montana Territory

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Mining camp in Colorado Territory

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Street scene in Utah, 1869

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Oklahoma City, 1889

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Custer's scout Bloody Knife

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Return from Wounded Knee

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Map: Sharecropping and Tenancy,

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Map: Indian Wars,