1. CULTURAL (SPATIAL) DIFFUSION (spread of ideas, innovations) – two models Expansion – ideas spread to new places as different cultures adopt idea Has “Contagious” & “Hierarchical” Subtypes Relocation – ideas spread to new places as culture groups migrate there

2. Percentage of Population That Adopts the Idea or Innovation Majority Adopters (early and late) Innovators Time S-Curve of Adoption of Innovations (non-spatial diffusion model) Laggards

3. Spatial Models of Cultural Diffusion

4. South Africa Namibia Netherlands England Australia Won 1987, 1999, 2003 West Indies (combined team) Won 1975, 1979 Pakistan Won 1992 Sri Lanka Won 1996 India Won 1983 Bangladesh Canada New Zealand Zimbabwe Kenya Pakistani cricketer

5. 2. The fusion of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait is called syncretism 1. The two-way blending of cultures that results from increased interaction is called cultural convergence Diffusion - Two related concepts

6. Religion: Diffusion and Landscape Classification of Religions Paths and Types of Diffusion Sacred Spaces on the Landscape Religion systems of formal or informal worship, faith, ritual … influences cultural landscapes – values and attitudes, rhythms of everyday life, calendar events, consumption of food/drink …

7. Classification of Religions Universalizing: Universalizing: claim to the “universal truth” – seen as applicable to all humans Seek to convert new members; open to all people Spread mainly by expansion diffusion (any sub-type) Ethnic: Ethnic: associated with a particular culture; membership by birth or identity with that ethnic group Not evangelical (don’t actively seek to convert new members) Spread mainly by relocation diffusion from origin area Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Examples: Hinduism, Judaism, Sikhism, East Asian religions, folk and traditional (tribal/Animist) practices

8. Approximate Membership of Selected Religions (estimated number, in millions, as of 2003) Christianity (total all forms)2,025 Islam (total all forms)1,215 Hinduism820 Chinese folk religions (syncretic)390 Buddhism (total all forms)360 Other Asian religions (various syncretic)125 Sikhism25 Judaism20 All other ethnic/tribal religions (hundreds)265 Non-Religious and Atheist1,100

9. Principal World Religions

10. Religious Regions of Lebanon Small-scale world religion maps fail to show local details Understanding religion regions is key to several current conflicts

11. Innovation and Diffusion of World Religions Note hearth areas and diffusion paths of four largest religions (contrast Hinduism to 3 universalizing religions)

12. Diffusion Paths of Christianity Spread mainly by hierarchical process, then by contagious expansion in Europe … then by relocation & expansion to European colonies

13. Diffusion Paths of Islam Spread mainly by expansion diffusion through 17 th century through Asia, North Africa. Now w orld’s fastest growing religion; spread by both expansion and relocation diffusion.

14. Jepara, southern Sumatra Melang, Java Grand Mosque, Banda Aceh, northern Sumatra MOSQUE STYLES IN INDONESIA

15. Diffusion Paths of Different Forms of Buddhism Origin in Northern India; different forms spread by expansion and hierarchical diffusion outward; blended in East Asia (syncretism). Hinduism later reclaimed dominance in India.

16. Examples of Religion on the Cultural Landscape Places of worship Shrines, pilgrimage sites Cemeteries, mausolea Sacred spaces Stonehenge, southern England (Druid site)

17. Sacred Spaces Sites of special religious significance (experiences, events) Hallowed grounds that are preserved across generations For believers, places endowed with divine meaning Paha Sapa Kin Wiyopeya Unkiyapi kte sni yelo!! We never sold the Black Hills!! (Lakota expression)

18. Shrine at Lourdes, southern France Cathedral at Chartres, France

19. Methodist- Congregationalist (Protestant) church, southwest Quebec, Canada St. Basil’s (Russian Orthodox), Red Square, Moscow

20. Mid-City Cemetery New Orleans Recoleto Cemetery Buenos Aires

21. Jewish cemetery, Chicago Temple Beth El (1973), Bloomington Hills, Mich. Synagogue, Jewish quarter, Prague (13 th century) Western (Wailing) Wall, Jerusalem

22. Buddhist stupa, Thailand (Hemispherical shape is typical, but different forms of Buddhism use differing types and levels of ornamentation.) Statue of Buddha

23. Hindu temple, Northern India Taj Mahal (Agra, India) – Islamic mausoleum Hindu cremation ceremony, India

24. Friday prayers, Grand Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia: The Hajj

25. Memorial Spaces How similar to, and how different from, “sacred space”?

26. Memorial Spaces Monuments, memorials, shrines, museums, and preserved sites used to commemorate and sanctify the past From D. Alderman (2000): “Public commemoration is a socially directed process: before historical events and figures can be regarded as memorable, people must judge them worthy of remembrance and have the influence to get others to agree.” “Places of memory make history visible and tangible. … Memorial sites shape how we interpret and value the past.” “Memorial landscapes are in a constant state of redefinition as governments rise and fall, as the heritage and cultural tourism industry continues to expand, and as marginalized populations seek public recognition.” From O. Dwyer (2000): “The narrative content of these memorials reflects the types of archival materials that survive, the intentions of their producers, and contemporary politics regarding [historical events]. In turn, through their symbolic power and the large number of visitors who travel to them, these landscapes play a role in contemporary America’s... politics.”