1. The Thirty Years’ War Christine Power AP Euro

2. Setting the stage…  The Holy Roman Empire  The quality of emperors varied. Some were strong and dynamic, others weak and ineffective  The nobles grew powerful under the reign of the weak ruler Rudolf II (r. 1576-1612).

3. Peace of Augsburg  Designed to solve religious tensions set off by Lutheranism…it was a temporary peace at best-- it was outdated!  Did not recognize Calvinism!  It also promoted a culture of fragmentation  Own tolls, tariffs, coins  Own rules, travel restrictions

5. Result  Instead of getting easier, the period between 1517 and 1555 was marked with people choosing between THREE religions:  Roman Catholicism (more appealing now because of the Council of Trent)  Lutheranism (a home grown form of Protestantism  Calvinism (considered to be RADICAL)

7. Divided we fall…  Rulers became worried because they could not control people  H.R.E. was weakened- religion came first, state came second  Calvinists walked out of the Reichstag because of religious differences– and preventing a tax from passing to raise an army to defend itself against the Turks  Formation of the Evangelical Union and the Catholic League

8. The spark- 1618  Ferdinand, a Catholic, comes to the throne in Bohemia  The Protestants of Bohemia felt threatened  “Defenestration of Prague”- Ferdinand’s agents were thrown out the window of a Bohemian Protestant noble’s window

10. Part I- Bohemian Period  Ferdinand elected Emperor of the H.R.E…Bohemia Rebels  They elect a Calvinist Frederick V as their lord.  Spain (Cath), Bavaria(Cath), Saxony (Luth) helps Ferdinand

11. Battles and Results  Battle of White Mountain (1620)- Ferdinand is victorious  Bohemia becomes Catholic  Bavaria gains land

12. Part II- Danish Period  Christian IV of Denmark (Luth) wants to gain territory. Abutting territory on North Sea is weak and commercially valuable.  English (Angl), French (Cath) Dutch (Cal) supported Denmark  Bavaria defeats invading Danes and they grow stronger

13. Part II- Danish Period Cont.  Emperor Ferdinand seeks out another ally to help-- a Lutheran  Mercenary Albrecht of Wallenstin Successfully attacks Denmark (1628) and takes it over… for himself  Ferdinand issues the EDICT OF RESTITUTION (1629).  Calvinism still illegal  Return of Catholic Church lands by Lutherans

14. Part III- Swedish Period  Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (Luth), supported by:  France (Cath)  Dutch (Luth)  Brandenburg (Luth)  Saxony (Luth)  Invades at Breitenfeld (1630). Sweden Wins against Ferdinand and Wallenstein. Start of modern military tactics.

15. Part III- Swedish Period Cont.  Battle of Lutzen (1632)  Gustavus Adolphus dies  Battle is a costly tie  Ferdinand arranges to have Wallenstein assassinated (1634)

16. Part III- Swedish Period Cont.  PEACE OF PRAGUE (1635).  Protestant states of the H.R.E. agree to a cease fire with Ferdinand  Sweden refuses to join peace movement  France and the Netherlands support Sweden

17. Part IV- Swedish-French Period  France (Cath) joins the war allied with Sweden (Luth) and Spain (Cath)  Most death and destruction  1/3 of population dies… largest loss of life in Europe since the Black Plague and largest until World War II.

18. The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)  Ended hostilities within H.R.E.  Rescinded Edict of Restitution  Reasserted the Peace of Augsburg  Calvinist gain rights to practice religion  Holland is officially independent from Hapsburgs  Bavaria gained political power in HRE

19. Treaty of Westphalia cont.  France gains territory  Brandenburg-Prussia becomes a powerful state  Switzerland is recognized  Pope reduced in power in H.R.E.

20. Treaty of the Pyrenees  France and Spain ended their war  Hapsburgs are weakened  Spain is weakened