1. The French and Indian War
and its connection to European expansion in the Americas

2. Background Information
1750s - France was Great Britain’s biggest rival when it came to building a global empire
The French were not interested in creating settlements on their territory - they wanted furs and economic gains
Native American tribes typically trapped the beavers and traded the furs to the French for guns, hatchets, blankets, mirrors and lead
Because of their economic co-dependence, the Native Americans and French developed military alliances

3. Causes of the French & Indian War
Look at the map and describe possible causes of the French & Indian War.

4. Competing European Claims
France and England had competing claims for land in North America.
The French held trapping and trade routes in the Ohio Valley.
The English colonies were moving in on French territory as the population grew.
Competed over trade issues with the Native Americans in the disputed region.
European Claims in 1754

5. The Albany Congress 1754 - war was inevitable.
The colonies sent delegates to Albany to discuss strategy for common defense.
Approved a plan written by Benjamin Franklin
A council would be made of elected representatives from each colony and headed by a President-General appointed by the crown.
The colonies themselves did not support and it is unlikely that the British government would have supported the plan.
"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is considered the first political cartoon of the colonies.

6. Build-Up to the War
The French set up forts in Ohio River valley to protect their fur trading interests.
Some of these forts conflicted with English claims.
Virginia Governor sent a young George Washington to deliver a protest to the French.
This protest was ignored.
The British sent a militia to construct a fort on the site of modern Pittsburg.
Young George Washington

7. War Begins
The militia, led by Washington, established Fort Necessity 60 miles from Fort Duquesne (French)
Washington’s militia attacked a small group of French soldiers and took some prisoners
However, the French retaliated on a much larger scale - Washington was forced to surrender

8. British Response
June 1755: British General Braddock sets out from VA with about 1,400 red-coated British troops and a some colonial militias to attack Fort Duquesne.
Braddock’s army took several weeks to trek through dense forest to Ft. Duquesne
They marched in columns and rows, and took time out everyday to sit and have tea
Washington tried to suggest changing their fighting tactics so they would not be as easily defeated – Braddock refused
The British force was defeated by the smaller French force and their Native American allies.
Both Braddock, and the French commander Beaujeu, were killed.

11. Pitt as Prime Minister
1757- William Pitt became the British Prime Minister and vowed to lead country to victory
Pitt concentrated on:
expelling the French from North America
buying the cooperation by the colonists by stimulating the economy with a massive infusion of British currency
buying the support of the Native Americans with promises of fixed territorial boundaries.

12. The Battle of Quebec
September 1759: British general James Wolfe finds a way to attack the capital of New France: Quebec
Perched high on a cliff overlooking the St. Lawrence River the capital was thought of as impossible to attack
A scout for Wolfe found a poorly guarded path up the back of the cliff
Wolfe’s soldiers overwhelmed the guards on the path and scrambled up it at night
Waited outside the Fort on a field called the Plains of Abraham
Here they surprised and defeated the French Army
Wolfe died in the battle

13. Alliance with the Natives Treaty of Easton
1758: The Treaty of Easton sealed France’s fate
British promised the Natives they would stop settling west of the Allegheny Mountains in exchange for Natives’ neutrality in the war.
French abandoned Fort Duquesne
Detroit and Montreal (the last two French strongholds in North America) had fallen.

14. The Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.
Spain gained all French land west of the Mississippi River
England gained all land east of the Mississippi River

15. Effects of the War Proclamation of 1763
Reserved British land west of the Appalachian Mountains for Native Americans
Gave British officials control of westward migration
Slowed movement out of cities that were centers of trade and prosperity
Effects on Native Americans
Weakened by war
British felt the Iroquois did not fully support them and no longer felt friendly toward them.
Proclamation of actually took native lands.
Settlers often ignored the Proclamation.