1. The Rise of a Mass Democracy
Chapter 13

2. “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824 1824 John Quincy Adams Henry Clay
William H. Crawford
Andrew Jackson
Adams wins
Clay = Secretary of State
“Corrupt Bargain”

3. Yankee Misfit John Quincy Adams Most successful Secretaries of State
Least successful Presidents
Only removed 12 public officials
Did not reward party workers
Nationalist
Roads/canals
National university
Astronomical observatory
Public thought waste of public funds = continuation of tariffs
Dealt fairly with Native Americans
Cherokees

4. Jackson 1828 National Republicans = Adams
Democratic-Republican = Jackson
“Bargain and Corruption”
“All Hail Old Hickory”
Mudslinging
Bare-knuckle politics
Gutter tactics
Jackson wins
178 to 83

5. “Old Hickory” First President from the West
Tennessee
Judge / Congress
First nominated at party convention
“Hickoryites” = masses
Gave common people a chance to participate in government
Political power for all classes

6. Spoils System Rewarding political supporters with public office
Bring in new blood = Housecleaning
Administration hires their own people
Gave jobs to friends and political allies
Important element in 2-party system
Loyalty to party

7. Tariff
1824 & 1828
Proposed tariff to make Adams look bad = didn’t think it would pass
“Black Tariff” = Tariff of Abominations
South = Angry
Sold crops in world markets unprotected by tariffs
Forced to buy manufactured goods in American markets protected by tariffs
The South Caroline Exposition = pamphlet
John C. Calhoun (V.P.)

8. “Nullies” Nullification in S. Caroline Tariff of 1832
Could not get enough votes
Tariff of 1832
Congress raised tariffs again
South Carolinians declared the tariffs null – no law
Threatened to secede – if duties were collected

9. Cont. Compromise Tariff of1833
Henry Clay – Proposed tariff bill
Great Compromiser
Gradually lower duties by 10% over 8 year period
By 1842 back to levels of 1816
Jackson urged Congress to pass the Force Bill
Use military action if necessary
Collect tariff duties

10. Native Americans 1820’s 125, 000 = East of Mississippi
Civilizing / Christianizing
Cherokee remarkable efforts
Abandoned there seminomadic life
Adopted agriculture
Private property
1808
Cherokee National Council
Legal code
1827
Written Constitution

11. Cont.
5 Civilized tribes
Cherokee, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Seminoles
1828
Georgia Legislature declares Cherokee tribal council illegal
Asserted own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and land

12. Cherokee Worcester V. Georgia Jackson refused
Appealed to Supreme Court
Worcester V. Georgia
John Marshall hears the case
Could not regulate Cherokee Nation or invade
Jackson refused
“John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.”

13. Indian Removal Act / Trail of Tears
1830
Government provided funds to negotiate treaties to move Native Americans west
Many tribes signed
1838
Drove Cherokee into camps
Groups of 1,000
800 mile journey --- on foot
¼ of their people died
Trail of Tears
Georgia to Indian Territory

15. Bank War National Bank Very powerful Private Institution
Acted like a branch of the government
Principle depository for government
Controlled much of nations gold and silver
Notes = stable
Private Institution
Moneyed investors
President of Bank
Nicholas Biddle
Held a lot of power
“Czar Nicolas I”
West = foreclosures

16. Bank War Cont. 1832 Daniel Webster / Henry Clay Jackson vetoed bill
Renew Bank Charter
Didn’t expire until 1836
Election issue
Ram bill through Congress
If Jackson signs = alienates west
If Jackson vetoes = alienates wealthy and influential
Jackson vetoed bill
Unconstitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland
Executive branch over Judicial

17. Election 1832 Jackson V. Clay 3rd Party Anti-Masonic Party
Opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic order
Secret rituals / societies
Political force in N.Y, mid-Atlantic, and New England
Anti-Jackson party
Support form Evangelical Protest groups

18. Election of 1832 Jackson defeats Clay National Nominating Conventions
Name candidates
Platforms
Jackson defeats Clay
Electoral Count 219 to 49

19. Biddle’s Bank Specie Circular
Believed the National Bank was for the wealthy
Did not serve common people
Tried to kill the bank = Bleed it dry
Withdrew all government deposits
Placed in “Pet Banks” – “Wildcat Banks”
Flooded country with paper money
Specie Circular
Required all public lands to be purchased with “hard” metallic money

20. Whigs “King Andrew I New political party emerges = Whigs Whig Party
Opponents of Jackson
Whig Party
Diverse
Supporters of American System
Southern States offended by Jackson
Industrialists/Merchants
Conservatives / Progressives
Canals, R.R., Telegraph lines, prisons, public schools
Welcomed market economy

21. Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren Whigs run several candidates
Hand picked by Jackson
N.Y.
“Yes Man”
Whigs run several candidates
Van Buren Wins

22. Van Buren 8th President Born under American Flag
Smuggled into presidency under Jackson’s coattails
Resentment by democrats
Machine made candidate
Inherited Jackson’s bank mess

23. Panic 1837 Financial sickness of the times Grain prices skyrocket
Rampant speculation
Get-rich-quickism
Shaky currency = wildcat banks
Grain prices skyrocket
Financial problems abroad
British = foreign loans
Banks collapsed by 100’s
Pet banks
Government funds
Whigs tried to counter with programs
Expansion of credit
Higher tariffs
“Divorce Bill”
Independent treasury
Independent Treasury Bill = 1840

24. Texas Mexicans won independence in 1821 1823 1835 Stephen Austin
Land grants
1835
Texan Americans = 30,000
G.T.T.
Davy Crockett , Jim Bowie
Sam Houston
Ex-governor = Tennessee

25. Cont. Friction in Texas 1835 1833 Slavery, Immigration, Local rights
Emancipated slaves = 1830
No more troublesome Americans
Texans refused
1833
Austin goes to Mexico = negotiate
Santa Anna = President of Mexico
Throws Austin in jail = 8 months
1835
Santa Anna wipes out all local rights
Sends army to suppress Texans

26. Rebellion Alamo Goliad 13 Days Colonel W.B. Travis 200 Texans
Feb. 23 – March 2, 1836
Colonel W.B. Travis
200 Texans
100’s Mexicans
Goliad
6 weeks later
300 Rebels

27. Cont. Treaty of Velasco San Jacinto Sept.1836 Sam Houston
900 soldiers
Killed 630 of Santa Anna’s soldiers
18 minutes
“Remember the Alamo”
Captured Santa Anna
Treaty of Velasco
Granted Independence to Texas
Sept.1836
Houston elected President of New Republic of Texas

29. Cont. U.S. in a sticky mess Texas wants to be annexed
North does not want Texas
Slavery = enlarging slavery
Texas would come with more land

30. Election 1840 Martin Van Buren = Democrats
William Henry Harrison = Whigs
“Old Tippecanoe”
John Tyler = Vice President
“Tippecanoe and Tyler too”
Mudslinging
Turned the tide
Harrison Wins
234 to 60