1. Wannberg, G., I. Wolf, L.G. Vanhainen, K. Koskenniemi, J. Röttger, M. Postila, J. Markannen, R. Jacobsen, A. Stenberg, R. Larsen, S. Eliassen, S. Heck, and A. Huuskonen, "The EISCAT Svalbard Radar: A case study in modern incoherent scatter radar system design", Radio Sci., 32 6, 2283-2307, 1997. Wannberg, G., I. Wolf, L.G. Vanhainen, K. Koskenniemi, J. Röttger, M. Postila, J. Markannen, R. Jacobsen, A. Stenberg, R. Larsen, S. Eliassen, S. Heck, and A. Huuskonen, "The EISCAT Svalbard Radar: A case study in modern incoherent scatter radar system design", Radio Sci., 32 6, 2283-2307, 1997.

2. The Earth’s Ionosphere and Atmosphere

4. range time Electron density Electron temperature Ion temperature Ion velocity

8. Atmospheric coupling processes from above (magnetosphere) and below (troposphere and middle atmosphere) are particularly pronounced in the high latitude mesopause region. In the high latitude polar lower atmosphere coupling and exchange processes play a major role between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Radars contribute essen- tially to studies of these processes. Atmospheric coupling processes from above (magnetosphere) and below (troposphere and middle atmosphere) are particularly pronounced in the high latitude mesopause region. In the high latitude polar lower atmosphere coupling and exchange processes play a major role between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Radars contribute essen- tially to studies of these processes. The international program CAWSES (Climate And Weather of the Sun Earth System) covers these research directions. Page F 44 - 306

9. Page C 01

10. Page C 02

12. For MST radar observations one has to consider that scattering as well as partial reflection can occur.

13. 1 msec 150 km

14. Such Gaussian (Lorentzian) spectral shape is characteristic for ionospheric incoherent scatter echoes from the D-region. We will now show the system set-up of an incoherent scatter radar, but will not treat the science in any further details in this course, but then concentrate on coherent MST radar systems. Such Gaussian (Lorentzian) spectral shape is characteristic for ionospheric incoherent scatter echoes from the D-region. We will now show the system set-up of an incoherent scatter radar, but will not treat the science in any further details in this course, but then concentrate on coherent MST radar systems.

15. Coherent scatter (MST) radar Incoherent scatter (IS) radar Page C 11

16. Page C 04

17. Page C 03

18. We first (this week) learn about the radar hardware basics and then (next week) treat the digital processing of: Radar range gating, coherent complex digital sampling, range-time matrix, digital radar data display, coherent integration, coding/decoding complex covariance function, complex Doppler spectrum, parameter deduction. Basics of phased antenna arrays, radiation pattern calculation, radar interferometry and imaging. Finally a summary of radar methods for atmosphere and ionosphere research and explanation of some typical results, incl. coherent and incoherent scatter. We first (this week) learn about the radar hardware basics and then (next week) treat the digital processing of: Radar range gating, coherent complex digital sampling, range-time matrix, digital radar data display, coherent integration, coding/decoding complex covariance function, complex Doppler spectrum, parameter deduction. Basics of phased antenna arrays, radiation pattern calculation, radar interferometry and imaging. Finally a summary of radar methods for atmosphere and ionosphere research and explanation of some typical results, incl. coherent and incoherent scatter.